第7章 进程关系(5)_贯穿案例2:mini shell(2)

时间:2024-01-01 14:12:39

5. 贯穿案例2:mini shell(2)

(1)己经完成的功能:pwd、cd、exit命令

(2)阶段性目标:

  ①env、export、echo及其他命令

  ②标准输入、输出重定向">"、"<"、">>"

  ③设置后台进程

(3)存在问题:当mshell(后台进程)要读写终端时(如执行date时),进程会被暂停。解决方案见下一章的《信号》

【编程实验】mini  shell

//job.h

#ifndef __JOB_H__
#define __JOB_H__
#include <sys/types.h> //重定向类型(这里只支持3种,<、>和>>)
enum RedirectType{RedirectRead, RedirectWrite, RedirectAppend};
typedef struct
{
enum RedirectType redirect; //重定向的类型
int fd; //将标准输入、输出重定向到fd这个目标文件
}Redirection; //接收命令行参数
typedef struct
{
pid_t pid; //进程pid
char** args; //对应于主函数中的char* argv[]参数 //每个命令允许使用多个重定向符号,放在以下数组中
//如:echo aaa>s.txt bbb>>s.txt
Redirection* redirects; //堆上申请的数组
int redirect_num;
}Program; //命令行中可以包含多个程序,如
//#date;ls -l,单个或多个命令通过cmd传入Job结构体中
typedef struct
{
char* cmd; //单条命令或多条命令(用分号隔开)
int progs_num; //作业中包含程序的数量
Program* progs; //各个程序的命令行参数
pid_t pgid; //进程组ID,设置前(后)台进程
}Job; //创建作业
extern Job* create_job(char* cmd);
//销毁作业
extern void destroy_job(Job* job);
//创建进程(命令)
extern Program* create_program(char** arg);
//销毁进程(命令)
extern void destroy_program(Program* prog);
//将命令加入作业中
extern int add_program(Job* job, Program* prog); extern Redirection* create_redirect(int fd, enum RedirectType type);
extern void destroy_redirect(Redirection* r);
extern void add_redirection(Program* prog, Redirection* r); #endif

//job.c

#include "job.h"
#include <malloc.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h> //创建作业
Job* create_job(char* cmd)
{
Job* job = (Job*)malloc(sizeof(Job));
assert( job != NULL); job->cmd = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(cmd));
assert(job->cmd != NULL);
strcpy(job->cmd, cmd); job->progs_num = ;
job->progs = NULL; return job;
} //销毁作业
void destroy_job(Job* job)
{
assert(job != NULL);
free(job->progs);
free(job->cmd);
free(job);
} //arg格式:command arg0 arg1 ==> 返回3
static int arg_num(char** arg)
{
int ret = ;
char* start = arg[]; while(start != NULL){
start = arg[++ret];
} return ret;
} //创建进程(命令)
Program* create_program(char** arg)
{
Program* prog = (Program*)malloc(sizeof(Program));
assert(prog != NULL); prog->redirect_num = ;
prog->redirects = NULL; int counter = arg_num(arg);
prog->args = (char**)calloc(counter + , sizeof(char*)); //以NULL结尾 int i = ;
for(i=; i< counter; i++){
int len = strlen(arg[i]);
prog->args[i] = (char*)malloc(len);
assert(prog->args[i] != NULL); strcpy(prog->args[i], arg[i]);
} prog->args[i] = NULL; //指针数组,以NULL结尾 return prog;
} //销毁进程(命令)
void destroy_program(Program* prog)
{
assert(prog != NULL); int i = ;
while(prog->args[i] != NULL)
{
free(prog->args[i++]);
} free(prog->redirects);
free(prog->args);
free(prog);
} //将命令加入作业中
int add_program(Job* job, Program* prog)
{
//重新申请一片空间以增加一条命令进来,放入job->progs中
Program* ps = (Program*)malloc(sizeof(Program) * (job->progs_num + ));
memcpy(ps, job->progs, job->progs_num * sizeof(Program)); ps[job->progs_num++] = *prog;//将新的进程(命令)加入进来 free(job->progs); //释放旧的程序(命令)组
job->progs = ps; return job->progs_num - ; //返回新命令的索引号
} Redirection* create_redirect(int fd, enum RedirectType type)
{
Redirection* r = (Redirection*)calloc(, sizeof(Redirection));
assert( r!= NULL); r->fd = fd;
r->redirect = type; return r;
} void destroy_redirect(Redirection* r)
{
assert( r!= NULL);
free(r);
} void add_redirection(Program* prog, Redirection* r)
{
Redirection* rs = (Redirection*)calloc(prog->redirect_num + ,
sizeof(Redirection));
assert(rs != NULL);
//复制原有数据
if(prog->redirects != NULL){
memcpy(rs, prog->redirects, prog->redirect_num* sizeof(Redirection));
free(prog->redirects); //释放原有的redirects
} prog->redirects = rs; //将新的redirection加入数组中
memcpy(&prog->redirects[prog->redirect_num], r, sizeof(Redirection)); prog->redirect_num += ;
}

//mshell.c

#include "job.h"
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/wait.h> char* prompt = "mshell> "; //命令行的提示符
#define MAX_COMMAND_LEN 256 //命令行最多的字符数
extern char** environ; //环境表指针 //前台和后台进程组标志
#define FOREGROUND 0 //前台进程组
#define BACKGROUND 1 //后台进程组 //env命令
void env_fun(void)
{
int i = ;
char* env = NULL;
while((env = environ[i++]) != NULL){
printf("%s\n", env);
}
} //export命令
void export_fun(Program* prog)
{
//export格式:export CITY=ShangHai
if(prog->args[] == NULL){
fprintf(stderr, "export: invalid argument\n");
return;
} putenv(prog->args[]);
} //echo命令
void echo_fun(Program* prog)
{
char* s = prog->args[];
if(s == NULL){
fprintf(stderr, "echo: invalid argument\n");
return;
}
//echo的格式:echo $PATH
//1. echo $PATH 从环境变量中读取
//2. echo PATH 直接输出echo后面的字符,如“PATH”
if(s[] == '$'){
char* v = getenv(s + );
printf("%s\n", v);
}else{
printf("%s\n", s);
}
} //cd命令
void cd_fun(Program* prog)
{
if(chdir(prog->args[]) < ){
perror("cd error");
}
} //pwd命令
void pwd_fun(Program* prog)
{
char buffer[];
memset(buffer, , sizeof(buffer)); if(getcwd(buffer, sizeof(buffer)) == NULL){
perror("pwd error");
} printf("%s\n", buffer);
} //分析命令所带的参数(含进程名本身)
void split_cmd(Job* job, char* arguments, int* bg)
{
char** args = (char**)calloc(MAX_COMMAND_LEN, sizeof(char*));
assert( args != NULL); char* cmd = strtok(arguments, " "); //1. 先取出命令名本身 args[] = (char*)calloc(strlen(cmd) + , sizeof(char)); //命令本身
strcpy(args[], cmd); Redirection* rs[]; //一条命令中重定向的符号不会太多。为简单起见,假设为5个。
int redirect_num = ; int i = ;
char* s = NULL;
//2. 剩余的为参数部分
*bg = FOREGROUND;
while((s = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL){ //将参数分隔出来
if(!strcmp(s, "&")){
//设置后台进程标志
*bg = BACKGROUND;
continue;
} if(!strcmp(s, "<")){ //如果参数<
//格式:cat < s.txt
char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“<”后面的为文件名
if(file == NULL){
continue;
}else{
//打开要重定向到的目标文件,因为后面要用dup2来完成重定向
int fd = open(file, O_RDONLY); //输入重定向,只需以只读打开
rs[redirect_num++] = create_redirect(fd, RedirectRead);
} continue;
}; if(!strcmp(s, ">")){
//格式:cat > s.txt
char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“>”后面的为文件名
if(file == NULL){
continue;
}else{
//打开要重定向到的目标文件,因为后面要用dup2来完成重定向
//输出重定向,需以可写方式打开
int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, );
rs[redirect_num++] = create_redirect(fd, RedirectWrite);
} continue;
} if(!strcmp(s, ">>")){
//格式:cat >> s.txt
char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“>>”后面的为文件名
if(file == NULL){
continue;
}else{
int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, );
rs[redirect_num++] = create_redirect(fd, RedirectAppend);
}
continue;
} args[i] = (char*)calloc(strlen(s)+, sizeof(char));
strcpy(args[i++], s);
} //根据args创建一个Program
Program* prog = create_program(args); int k = ;
for(; k < redirect_num; k++){
add_redirection(prog, rs[k]);//将所有重定向信息放入prog中
destroy_redirect(rs[k]);
} add_program(job, prog); int j = ;
for(j=; j < i; j++){
free(args[j]);
} free(args);
} //多条命令的解析
void parse_cmd(Job* job, char* line, int* bg)
{
char buff [MAX_COMMAND_LEN]={}; //以“;”号分隔多条命令
char* pos = line;
char* start = line;
int count = ;
while( start < (line + strlen(line)) ){ //将参数分隔出来
memset(buff, , sizeof(buff));
if((pos = strchr(pos, ';')) == NULL)
{
pos = line + strlen(line);
} count = pos-start;
if(count > ){
memcpy(buff, start, count);
split_cmd(job, buff, bg);
}
start = ++pos;
}
} //执行命令
void execute_cmd(Job* job, int bg)
{
int i = ;
for(i=; i<job->progs_num; i++)
{
if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "cd")){ //cd命令
cd_fun(&job->progs[i]);
}else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "pwd")){ //pwd命令
pwd_fun(&job->progs[i]);
}else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "exit")){ //exit命令
exit();
}else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "env")){ //env命令
env_fun();
}else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "export")){ //export命令
export_fun(&job->progs[i]);
}else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[], "echo")){ //echo命令
echo_fun(&job->progs[i]);
}else{ //其他命令用exec函数完成
//创建子进程来执行其它命令
pid_t pid;
if((pid = fork()) < ){
perror("fork error");
}else if(pid == ){ //child process
//第1个子进程创建新的进程组,以后的子进程加入到该组当中
if(i==){
if(setpgid(getpid(), getpid()) < ){ //组长进程
perror("setpgid error!");
}
job->pgid = getpgid(getpid()); //保存组长进程ID
}else{
//其余子进程加入到新的进程组中
if(setpgid(getpid(), job->pgid) < ){
perror("setpgid error");
}
} //设置前台进程组
if(bg == FOREGROUND){
tcsetpgrp(, getpgid(getpid()));
} //对标准输入、标准输出和追加输出进行重定向
int k = ;
job->progs[i].pid = getpid(); //每条命令会启动一个子进程,记录其pid
for(; k<job->progs[i].redirect_num; k++){
if(job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectRead){
//将标准输入重定向到指定的文件中
if(dup2(job->progs[i].redirects[k].fd, STDIN_FILENO) != STDIN_FILENO){
perror("dup2 error");
}
}
if((job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectWrite) ||
(job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectAppend)){
//将标准输出重定向到指定的文件中
if(dup2(job->progs[i].redirects[k].fd, STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO){
perror("dup2 error");
}
}
} //end for2 //调用exec函数执行系统中的其它命令
if(execvp(job->progs[i].args[], job->progs[i].args) < ){
perror("execvp error");
exit(); //子进程退出
}
}else{ //parent process
if(i == ){ //与子进程执行相同的逻辑,以确保不会因进程调度而出现错误
//由minishell启动的所有子进程默认放到一个新的进程组,组长进程为
//第1个子进程
if ((setpgid(pid, pid)) < ) {
perror("setpgid error");
}
job->pgid = pid;
}else{
//其余子进程加入到新的进程组中去
if((setpgid(pid, job->pgid)) < ){
perror("setpgid error");
}
} if(bg == FOREGROUND){
tcsetpgrp(, job->pgid);
//等待子进程组结束,含曾被暂停过的(阻塞)
waitpid(-job->pgid, NULL, WUNTRACED);
} //后台进程
if(bg == BACKGROUND){
waitpid(-job->pgid, NULL, WNOHANG); //非阻塞
}
} //end fork
}
} //end for1
} int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
//将mshell本身设置成一个进程组
setpgid(getpid(), getpid());
char buffer[MAX_COMMAND_LEN];
memset(buffer, , MAX_COMMAND_LEN); ssize_t size = strlen(prompt) * sizeof(char);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, prompt, size); ssize_t len = ;
int bg; //设置前台和后台进程组标志 while(){
len = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, MAX_COMMAND_LEN);
buffer[len -] = ; //以NULL结尾 if(strlen(buffer) > ){
Job* job = create_job(buffer); //解析命令
parse_cmd(job, buffer, &bg);
//执行命令
execute_cmd(job, bg); destroy_job(job);
} write(STDOUT_FILENO, prompt, size);
memset(buffer, , MAX_COMMAND_LEN);
} return ;
}