第7章 进程关系(5)_贯穿案例2:mini shell(2)

时间:2022-08-03 04:22:47

5. 贯穿案例2:mini shell(2)

(1)己经完成的功能:pwd、cd、exit命令

(2)阶段性目标:

  ①env、export、echo及其他命令

  ②标准输入、输出重定向">"、"<"、">>"

  ③设置后台进程

(3)存在问题:当mshell(后台进程)要读写终端时(如执行date时),进程会被暂停。解决方案见下一章的《信号》

【编程实验】mini  shell

//job.h

#ifndef __JOB_H__
#define __JOB_H__
#include <sys/types.h>

//重定向类型(这里只支持3种,<、>和>>)
enum RedirectType{RedirectRead, RedirectWrite, RedirectAppend};
typedef struct
{
    enum RedirectType redirect; //重定向的类型
    int  fd;    //将标准输入、输出重定向到fd这个目标文件
}Redirection;

//接收命令行参数
typedef struct
{
    pid_t pid;    //进程pid
    char** args;  //对应于主函数中的char* argv[]参数

    //每个命令允许使用多个重定向符号,放在以下数组中
    //如:echo aaa>s.txt bbb>>s.txt
    Redirection*  redirects;  //堆上申请的数组
    int           redirect_num;
}Program;

//命令行中可以包含多个程序,如
//#date;ls -l,单个或多个命令通过cmd传入Job结构体中
typedef struct
{
    char*     cmd;       //单条命令或多条命令(用分号隔开)
    int       progs_num; //作业中包含程序的数量
    Program*  progs;     //各个程序的命令行参数
    pid_t     pgid;      //进程组ID,设置前(后)台进程
}Job;

//创建作业
extern Job* create_job(char* cmd);
//销毁作业
extern void destroy_job(Job* job);
//创建进程(命令)
extern Program* create_program(char** arg);
//销毁进程(命令)
extern void destroy_program(Program* prog);
//将命令加入作业中
extern int add_program(Job* job, Program* prog);

extern Redirection* create_redirect(int fd, enum RedirectType type);
extern void destroy_redirect(Redirection* r);
extern void add_redirection(Program* prog, Redirection* r);

#endif

//job.c

#include "job.h"
#include <malloc.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>

//创建作业
Job* create_job(char* cmd)
{
    Job* job = (Job*)malloc(sizeof(Job));
    assert( job != NULL);
    
    job->cmd = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(cmd));
    assert(job->cmd != NULL);
    strcpy(job->cmd, cmd);

    job->progs_num = 0;
    job->progs = NULL;

    return job;
}

//销毁作业
void destroy_job(Job* job)
{
    assert(job != NULL);
    free(job->progs);
    free(job->cmd);
    free(job);
}

//arg格式:command  arg0 arg1 ==> 返回3
static int arg_num(char** arg)
{
    int ret = 0;
    char* start = arg[0];
   
    while(start != NULL){
        start = arg[++ret];
    }

    return ret;
}

//创建进程(命令)
Program* create_program(char** arg)
{
    Program* prog = (Program*)malloc(sizeof(Program));
    assert(prog != NULL);
    
    prog->redirect_num = 0;
    prog->redirects = NULL;

    int counter = arg_num(arg);
    prog->args = (char**)calloc(counter + 1, sizeof(char*)); //以NULL结尾

    int i = 0;
    for(i=0; i< counter; i++){
       int len = strlen(arg[i]);
       prog->args[i] = (char*)malloc(len);
       assert(prog->args[i] != NULL);

       strcpy(prog->args[i], arg[i]);
    }

    prog->args[i] = NULL;  //指针数组,以NULL结尾

    return prog;
}

//销毁进程(命令)
void destroy_program(Program* prog)
{
    assert(prog != NULL);

    int i = 0;    
    while(prog->args[i] != NULL)
    {
        free(prog->args[i++]);        
    }
    
    free(prog->redirects);
    free(prog->args);
    free(prog);
}

//将命令加入作业中
int add_program(Job* job, Program* prog)
{
    //重新申请一片空间以增加一条命令进来,放入job->progs中
    Program* ps = (Program*)malloc(sizeof(Program) * (job->progs_num + 1));
    memcpy(ps, job->progs, job->progs_num * sizeof(Program));
    
    ps[job->progs_num++] = *prog;//将新的进程(命令)加入进来
    
    free(job->progs); //释放旧的程序(命令)组
    job->progs = ps;

    return job->progs_num - 1; //返回新命令的索引号
}

Redirection* create_redirect(int fd, enum RedirectType type)
{
    Redirection* r = (Redirection*)calloc(1, sizeof(Redirection));
    assert( r!= NULL);

    r->fd = fd;
    r->redirect = type;

    return r;
}

void destroy_redirect(Redirection* r)
{
    assert( r!= NULL);
    free(r);
}

void add_redirection(Program* prog, Redirection* r)
{
    Redirection* rs = (Redirection*)calloc(prog->redirect_num + 1, 
                                           sizeof(Redirection));
    assert(rs != NULL);
    //复制原有数据
    if(prog->redirects != NULL){
        memcpy(rs, prog->redirects, prog->redirect_num* sizeof(Redirection));
        free(prog->redirects); //释放原有的redirects
    }

    prog->redirects = rs;

    //将新的redirection加入数组中
    memcpy(&prog->redirects[prog->redirect_num], r, sizeof(Redirection));

    prog->redirect_num += 1;
}

//mshell.c

#include "job.h"
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

char* prompt = "mshell> "; //命令行的提示符
#define MAX_COMMAND_LEN 256 //命令行最多的字符数
extern char** environ;      //环境表指针

//前台和后台进程组标志
#define FOREGROUND   0      //前台进程组
#define BACKGROUND   1      //后台进程组

//env命令
void env_fun(void)
{
    int i = 0;
    char* env = NULL;
    while((env = environ[i++]) != NULL){
        printf("%s\n", env);
    }
}

//export命令
void export_fun(Program* prog)
{
    //export格式:export CITY=ShangHai
    if(prog->args[1] == NULL){
        fprintf(stderr, "export: invalid argument\n");
        return;
    }

    putenv(prog->args[1]);
}

//echo命令
void echo_fun(Program* prog)
{
    char* s = prog->args[1];
    if(s == NULL){
        fprintf(stderr, "echo: invalid argument\n");
        return;
    }
    //echo的格式:echo $PATH
    //1. echo $PATH 从环境变量中读取
    //2. echo PATH  直接输出echo后面的字符,如“PATH”
    if(s[0] == '$'){
        char* v = getenv(s + 1);
        printf("%s\n", v);
    }else{
        printf("%s\n", s);
    }
}

//cd命令
void cd_fun(Program* prog)
{
    if(chdir(prog->args[1]) < 0){
        perror("cd error");
    }
}

//pwd命令
void pwd_fun(Program* prog)
{
    char buffer[256];
    memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));

    if(getcwd(buffer, sizeof(buffer)) == NULL){
        perror("pwd error");
    }

    printf("%s\n", buffer);
}

//分析命令所带的参数(含进程名本身)
void split_cmd(Job* job, char* arguments, int* bg)
{
    char** args = (char**)calloc(MAX_COMMAND_LEN, sizeof(char*));
    assert( args != NULL);

    char* cmd = strtok(arguments, " "); //1. 先取出命令名本身

    args[0] = (char*)calloc(strlen(cmd) + 1,  sizeof(char)); //命令本身
    strcpy(args[0], cmd);

    Redirection* rs[5]; //一条命令中重定向的符号不会太多。为简单起见,假设为5个。
    int redirect_num = 0;

    int i = 1;
    char* s = NULL;
    //2. 剩余的为参数部分
    *bg = FOREGROUND;
    while((s = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL){  //将参数分隔出来
        if(!strcmp(s, "&")){
            //设置后台进程标志
            *bg = BACKGROUND;            
            continue;
        }

        if(!strcmp(s, "<")){ //如果参数<
            //格式:cat < s.txt
            char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“<”后面的为文件名
            if(file == NULL){
                continue;
            }else{
                //打开要重定向到的目标文件,因为后面要用dup2来完成重定向
                int fd = open(file, O_RDONLY); //输入重定向,只需以只读打开
                rs[redirect_num++] =  create_redirect(fd, RedirectRead);
            }

            continue;
        };

        if(!strcmp(s, ">")){
            //格式:cat > s.txt
            char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“>”后面的为文件名
            if(file == NULL){
                continue;
            }else{
                //打开要重定向到的目标文件,因为后面要用dup2来完成重定向
                //输出重定向,需以可写方式打开
                int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0777); 
                rs[redirect_num++] =  create_redirect(fd, RedirectWrite);
            }

            continue;
        }

        if(!strcmp(s, ">>")){
            //格式:cat >> s.txt
            char* file = strtok(NULL, " "); //重定向“>>”后面的为文件名
            if(file == NULL){
                continue;
            }else{
                int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0777); 
                rs[redirect_num++] =  create_redirect(fd, RedirectAppend);
            }
            continue;
        }

        args[i] = (char*)calloc(strlen(s)+1, sizeof(char));
        strcpy(args[i++], s);
    }

    //根据args创建一个Program
    Program* prog = create_program(args);
    
    int k = 0;
    for(; k < redirect_num; k++){
        add_redirection(prog, rs[k]);//将所有重定向信息放入prog中
        destroy_redirect(rs[k]);
    }
    
    add_program(job, prog);

    int j = 0;
    for(j=0; j < i; j++){
        free(args[j]);
    }

    free(args);
}

//多条命令的解析
void parse_cmd(Job* job, char* line, int* bg)
{
    char buff [MAX_COMMAND_LEN]={0};

    //以“;”号分隔多条命令
    char*  pos = line; 
    char*  start = line;
    int count = 0;
    while( start < (line + strlen(line)) ){  //将参数分隔出来
        memset(buff, 0, sizeof(buff));
        if((pos = strchr(pos, ';')) == NULL)
        {
            pos = line + strlen(line);      
        }

        count = pos-start;
        if(count > 0 ){
             memcpy(buff, start, count);
             split_cmd(job, buff, bg);
        }
        start = ++pos;
    }
}

//执行命令
void execute_cmd(Job* job, int bg)
{
    int i = 0;
    for(i=0; i<job->progs_num; i++)
    {
        if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "cd")){             //cd命令
             cd_fun(&job->progs[i]);
        }else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "pwd")){      //pwd命令
             pwd_fun(&job->progs[i]);
        }else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "exit")){     //exit命令
             exit(0);
        }else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "env")){      //env命令
             env_fun();
        }else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "export")){   //export命令
             export_fun(&job->progs[i]);
        }else if(!strcmp(job->progs[i].args[0], "echo")){     //echo命令
             echo_fun(&job->progs[i]);
        }else{                                     //其他命令用exec函数完成
             //创建子进程来执行其它命令
             pid_t pid;
             if((pid = fork()) < 0 ){
                 perror("fork error");
             }else if(pid == 0){ //child process
                 //第1个子进程创建新的进程组,以后的子进程加入到该组当中
                 if(i==0){
                     if(setpgid(getpid(), getpid()) < 0){ //组长进程
                         perror("setpgid error!");
                     }
                     job->pgid = getpgid(getpid()); //保存组长进程ID
                 }else{
                     //其余子进程加入到新的进程组中
                     if(setpgid(getpid(), job->pgid) < 0){
                         perror("setpgid error");
                     }
                 }

                 //设置前台进程组
                 if(bg == FOREGROUND){
                     tcsetpgrp(0, getpgid(getpid()));
                 }

                 //对标准输入、标准输出和追加输出进行重定向
                 int k = 0;
                 job->progs[i].pid = getpid(); //每条命令会启动一个子进程,记录其pid
                 for(; k<job->progs[i].redirect_num; k++){
                     if(job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectRead){
                         //将标准输入重定向到指定的文件中
                         if(dup2(job->progs[i].redirects[k].fd, STDIN_FILENO) != STDIN_FILENO){
                             perror("dup2 error");
                         }
                     }
                     if((job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectWrite) || 
                       (job->progs[i].redirects[k].redirect == RedirectAppend)){
                         //将标准输出重定向到指定的文件中
                         if(dup2(job->progs[i].redirects[k].fd, STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO){
                             perror("dup2 error");
                         }
                     }
                 } //end for2

                 //调用exec函数执行系统中的其它命令
                 if(execvp(job->progs[i].args[0], job->progs[i].args) < 0){
                     perror("execvp error");
                     exit(1); //子进程退出
                 }
             }else{ //parent process
                 if(i == 0){ //与子进程执行相同的逻辑,以确保不会因进程调度而出现错误
                     //由minishell启动的所有子进程默认放到一个新的进程组,组长进程为
                     //第1个子进程
                     if ((setpgid(pid, pid)) < 0) {
                         perror("setpgid error");
                     }
                     job->pgid = pid;
                 }else{
                     //其余子进程加入到新的进程组中去
                     if((setpgid(pid, job->pgid)) < 0){
                         perror("setpgid error");
                     }
                 }
                 
                 if(bg == FOREGROUND){
                     tcsetpgrp(0, job->pgid);
                     //等待子进程组结束,含曾被暂停过的(阻塞)
                     waitpid(-job->pgid, NULL, WUNTRACED);
                 }

                 //后台进程
                 if(bg == BACKGROUND){
                     waitpid(-job->pgid, NULL, WNOHANG); //非阻塞
                 }
             } //end fork
        }
    }  //end for1
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    //将mshell本身设置成一个进程组
    setpgid(getpid(), getpid());
    char buffer[MAX_COMMAND_LEN];
    memset(buffer, 0, MAX_COMMAND_LEN);

    ssize_t size = strlen(prompt) * sizeof(char);
    write(STDOUT_FILENO, prompt, size);

    ssize_t len = 0;
    int bg;   //设置前台和后台进程组标志

    while(1){
        len = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, MAX_COMMAND_LEN);
        buffer[len -1] = 0;  //以NULL结尾

        if(strlen(buffer) > 0){
            Job* job = create_job(buffer);
            
            //解析命令
            parse_cmd(job, buffer, &bg);
            //执行命令
            execute_cmd(job, bg);

            destroy_job(job);
        }

        write(STDOUT_FILENO, prompt, size);
        memset(buffer, 0, MAX_COMMAND_LEN);
    }

    return 0;
}