爬取豆瓣电影TOP250

安装scrapy

安装Twisted模块

从https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#twisted下载

pip install Twisted-19.2.1-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64(版本对应安装即可)

安装scrapy模块

pip install scrapy

windows可能会缺少win32 api模块
pip install pywin32

安装mongodb

参考https://www.cnblogs.com/tianyamoon/p/9860656.html

Centos 使用yum安装MongoDB 4.0

1.配置MongoDB的yum源

创建yum源文件：

#cd /etc/yum.repos.d

#vim mongodb-org-4.0.repo

添加以下内容：（我们这里使用阿里云的源）

[mngodb-org]
name=MongoDB Repository
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/mongodb/yum/redhat/7Server/mongodb-org/4.0/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

这里可以修改 gpgcheck=0, 省去gpg验证

安装之前先更新所有包 ：

# yum update

2.安装MongoDB
安装命令：
yum -y install mongodb-org

安装完成后

查看mongo安装位置 whereis mongod

查看修改配置文件 ： vim /etc/mongod.conf

bindIp: 172.0.0.1 改为 bindIp: 0.0.0.0

（注意冒号与ip之间需要一个空格）

3.启动MongoDB
启动mongodb ：systemctl start mongod.service
停止mongodb ：systemctl stop mongod.service

查到mongodb的状态：systemctl status mongod.service

4.外网访问需要关闭防火墙：
CentOS 7.0默认使用的是firewall作为防火墙，这里改为iptables防火墙。
关闭firewall：
systemctl stop firewalld.service #停止firewall
systemctl disable firewalld.service #禁止firewall开机启动

vim /etc/sysconfig/iptables

iptables文件添加

-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 27017 -j ACCEPT

（注意：-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 27017 -j ACCEPT要加在-A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited之前，不然启动无效）

重启iptables

service iptables restart

5.设置开机启动
systemctl enable mongod.service

6.启动Mongo shell

命令：mongo

查看数据库：show dbs

7.需要的话启用权限控制：
编辑mongod.conf注释bindIp,并重启mongodb.
vim /etc/mongod.conf

重启mongodb：systemctl restart mongod.service

8、下载Robo 3T

新建scrapy项目

创建scrapy项目

scrapy startproject douban

进入spiders文件中生成爬虫

cd spiders

scrapy genspider douban_spider movie.douban.com

配置文件

item.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

import scrapy


class DoubanItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    # 序号
    serial_number = scrapy.Field()
    # 电影名称
    movie_name = scrapy.Field()
    # 电影介绍
    introduce = scrapy.Field()
    # 电影星数
    star = scrapy.Field()
    # 电影评价
    evaluate = scrapy.Field()
    # 电影描述
    describe = scrapy.Field()

douban_spider.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy

from douban.items import DoubanItem


class DoubanSpiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫名字
    name = 'douban_spider'
    # 允许域名
    allowed_domains = ['movie.douban.com']
    # 入口url扔到调度器里面去
    start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/top250']

    def parse(self, response):
        movie_list = response.xpath("//div[@class='article']//ol[@class='grid_view']//li")
        # 循环获取电影条目
        for i_item in movie_list:
            douban_item = DoubanItem()
            # 写详细的xpath，进行数据的解析
            douban_item['serial_number'] = i_item.xpath(".//div[@class='item']//em/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['movie_name'] = i_item.xpath(".//div[@class='item']//div[@class='info']//div[@class='hd']//span[1]/text()").extract_first()
            content = i_item.xpath(".//div[@class='item']//div[@class='info']//div[@class='bd']//p[1]/text()").extract()
            # 数据的处理
            for i_content in content:
                content_s = "".join(i_content.split())
                douban_item['introduce'] = content_s
            douban_item['star'] = i_item.xpath(".//span[@class='rating_num']/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['evaluate'] = i_item.xpath(".//div[@class='star']//span[4]/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['describe'] = i_item.xpath(".//p[@class='quote']//span/text()").extract_first()
            # 将数据yield传到pipelines去，进行数据清洗
            yield douban_item
        # 解析下一页规则，取的后面的xpath
        next_link = response.xpath("//span[@class='next']//link/@href").extract()
        if next_link:
            next_link = next_link[0]
            yield scrapy.Request("https://movie.douban.com/top250"+next_link, callback=self.parse)

新建了main.py（用于直接执行scrapy crawl douban_spider）

# _*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
# author:Phoenix
# datetime:2019/7/13 11:19

from scrapy import cmdline
cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl douban_spider".split())

pipelines.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pymongo
from douban.settings import mongo_host, mongo_port, mongo_db_name, mongo_db_collection

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html


class DoubanPipeline(object):
    
    def __init__(self):
        # 用于mongodb的数据库连接
        host = mongo_host
        port = mongo_port
        dbname = mongo_db_name
        sheetname = mongo_db_collection
        client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=host, port=port)
        mydb = client[dbname]
        self.post = mydb[sheetname]

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 从spider获取item值，转换为dict字典，插入数据到mongodb
        data = dict(item)
        self.post.insert(data) 
        return item

setting.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for douban project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'douban'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban.spiders'


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 0.5
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#   'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
#   'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'douban.middlewares.DoubanSpiderMiddleware': 543,
}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # '中间件名字':优先级
   # 'douban.middlewares.DoubanDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
   # 'douban.middlewares.my_proxy': 543,
   'douban.middlewares.my_useragent': 544
}


# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'douban.pipelines.DoubanPipeline': 300,
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

# mongodbd的连接配置
ongo_host = '192.168.141.181'
mongo_port = 27017
mongo_db_name = 'douban'
mongo_db_collection = 'douban_movie'

middlewares.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your spider middleware
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

import base64
import random

from scrapy import signals



class DoubanSpiderMiddleware(object):
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        # Called for each response that goes through the spider
        # middleware and into the spider.

        # Should return None or raise an exception.
        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
        # it has processed the response.

        # Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.
        for i in result:
            yield i

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
        # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.

        # Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict
        # or Item objects.
        pass

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
        # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
        # that it doesn’t have a response associated.

        # Must return only requests (not items).
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)


class DoubanDownloaderMiddleware(object):
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.

        # Must either;
        # - return a Response object
        # - return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this exception
        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
        pass

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)


class my_proxy(object):
    ```
    配置网络代理
    ```
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        request.meta['proxy'] = '域名：端口'
        proxy_name_pass = b''
        encode_pass_name = base64.b64decode(proxy_name_pass)
        request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = 'Basic ' + encode_pass_name.decode()


class my_useragent(object):
    ```
    配置了用户代理列表，每次请求随机设置一个用户代理
    ```
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        MY_USER_AGENT = [
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
            "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
            "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10",
            "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36",
        ]
        agent = random.choice(MY_USER_AGENT)
        request.headers['User_Agent'] = agent

保存数据为json或csv

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o test.json

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o test.csv
出现乱码的现象：需要将utf-8改为utf-8 bom