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文件名称：学生物应该了解的基本统计知识(PDF)
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更新时间：2012-08-26 02:28:58
基本 统计 知识
英文档，简介
Statistics is the branch of scientific method that is concerned with collecting,
arranging, and using numerical observations or data that arise from natural phenomena or
experiment. For our purposes, statistical methods will be useful in one or more of the
following areas:
1. Reduction of data. Much numerical information may often be "condensed" into
a simple relationship, together with a statement as to the confidence we may place in the
relationship.
2. Estimates and significance tests. From experimental data, certain population
parameters (such as a mean) can be estimated. It is usually possible to determine whether
or not these estimates differ significantly from certain preconceived values.
3. Reliability of inferences depending on one or more variables. For example, the
total impurity content of a bulk shipment is predicted from samples taken throughout the
shipment. We then ask, what reliability can be attached to the prediction of total impurity
content? This leads to uncertainty analysis}.
4. Relationships between two or more variables. Suppose that some measurable
quantity depends on one or more separate factors. Then, if it is possible by experimental
design to control the separate factors at a series of fixed levels and to observe the
measurable quantity at each level, the technique known as analysis of variance (ANOVA)
is used to evaluate the dependency.