上周Erlang讨论群里面提到lists的++实现,争论大多基于猜测,其实打开代码看一下就都明了.贴出代码截图后有同学问这代码是哪里找的?

"代码去哪里找?",关于Erlang源码阅读的路线图江湖上只有一份残卷了.我觉得"代码在哪儿?"这类问题是信息不对称造成的,本身难度不大,就像<贫民窟的百万富翁>里面的情节:贾马尔知道市井生活中的零零碎碎却说不出国徽上的文字,我们就从电影中的这一幕开始本文的探索吧

内景,演播室—夜晚

普瑞姆:这个问题的奖金四千卢比……印度的国徽是三只狮子,狮子下面写的是什么?是否是……
A.惟有真理必胜 B.惟有谎言必胜 C.惟有时尚必胜 D.惟有金钱必胜

[普瑞姆假装困惑的样子看向观众,引他们发笑.]

普瑞姆:你觉得是哪一个呢,贾马尔?这是我国历史上最著名的一句话.或许你想给朋友打电话求助吧?
[观众哈哈大笑.一滴汗珠从贾马尔的额头流下来.普瑞姆喜欢贾马尔的不安.]

普瑞姆:或者向现场观众求助?我凭直觉认为他们可能知道答案.你想怎么办?
贾马尔:是的.
普瑞姆(吃惊):什么是的?
贾马尔:求助观众.
[普瑞姆吹口哨.举目望向观众席.]
普瑞姆:那么女士们、先生们,请帮他解难吧.现在请按下你们的选择键.
[灯光转暗.让人紧张的音乐声响起.]

内景,督察办公室—白天
[督察按暂停键.叹了口气.]
督察:贾马尔,我五岁大的女儿都知道答案,你却不知道.这对一个天才百万富翁来说,不是很奇怪吗?怎么回事?你的作弊同伙跑出去撒尿了是吗?又或者是他咳得不够大声?
[沉默.斯里尼瓦斯警员朝贾马尔的椅子踢了一脚.]
斯里尼瓦斯警员:督察问你话呢.
贾马尔:在乔帕蒂海滩吉万的小吃摊上,炸脆饼多少钱?
督察:什么?
贾马尔:一份炸脆饼,多少钱?
斯里尼瓦斯警员(忍不住说):十卢比.
贾马尔:错.排灯节过后就是十五卢比了.上个星期四,是谁在达达尔车站外面偷了瓦尔马警员的自行车?
督察(被逗乐了):你知道是谁偷的?
贾马尔:朱胡区的每个人都知道.连五岁的小孩儿都知道.

言归正传,我们从代码下载开始......

源码下载

Github地址: https://github.com/erlang/otp

官网下载: http://www.erlang.org/download.html

对于选择了Windows安装包的同学,要特别提示一下:lib目录中包含了对应类库的源码和ebin,比如kernel,stdlib等等,但ERTS目录里面没有对应源码,自己去下载一份来看吧,或者直接在线查看 https://github.com/erlang/otp/tree/maint/erts

源码阅读工具

Erlang OTP源码量不小,好的工具能帮我们省很多事,比如支持文件夹查找或者项目内搜索的,在代码之间各种跳转更是减少很多麻烦.如果是在Windows环境中Everything这样的工具也是定位文件利器,Visual studio 阅读C代码体验真的很棒,当然了如果你喜欢在纯文本编辑器里面用正则搞,也无不可;下面是在VS中代码截图:

Overview

大体上,otp_src的代码如下图这样组织的(打开文件夹就可以看到,算不上什么Thirty Thousand Feet).与我们每天写代码最息息相关的是ERTS和lib;ERTS(Erlang Run-Time System)包含了Erlang运行时系统的代码,是Erlang的基础设施.lib包含了所有的外围类库实现,有些类库的安排是违反直觉的,不过习惯了就好了,比如file.erl不是在stdlib而是在kernel;gen_server gen_fsm的代码实现应该是在kernel吧?错,它们的代码是在stdlib下;但是呢,application.erl是在kernel.

Kernel

看一下kernel目录,是不是有点摸不着头脑?Erlang运行时是有一个kernel application运行,运行一下appmon我们可以动态看到kernel涉及到的代码模块.我们大致可以揣摩到设计者的规划原则:kernel的范畴包含了application管理,code生命周期管理,IO(文件IO,网络IO,io_request),HIPE,分布式基础设施等等,见下面的思维导图:

上面的划分方式只是我个人的一种看法,为了方便查阅我把上图转成了文字,见下面:

Kernel

Kernel APP

	kernel.erl

	kernel_config.erl

	kernel.appup.src

	kernel.app.src

application管理

	application_controller.erl

	application_starter.erl

	application_master.hrl

	application_master.erl

	application.erl

	heart.erl

HIPE

	hipe_ext_format.hrl

	hipe_unified_loader.erl

调试& 日志

	日志

		disk_log.erl

		disk_log_sup.erl

		disk_log_server.erl

		disk_log_1.erl

		disk_log.hrl

		error_logger.erl

		wrap_log_reader.erl

	调试

		error_handler.erl

		erts_debug.erl

		standard_error.erl

		seq_trace.erl

IO

	文件IO

		file.erl

		file_server.erl

		file_io_server.erl

		ram_file.erl

	网络IO

		gen_sctp.erl

		gen_udp.erl

		gen_tcp.erl

		inet.erl

		inet_config.hrl

		inet_config.erl

		inet_boot.hrl

		inet6_udp.erl

		inet6_tcp_dist.erl

		inet6_tcp.erl

		inet6_sctp.erl

		inet_db.erl

		inet_dns.hrl

		inet_dns.erl

		inet_gethost_native.erl

		inet_udp.erl

		inet_tcp_dist.erl

		inet_tcp.erl

		inet_sctp.erl

		inet_res.hrl

		inet_res.erl

		inet_parse.erl

		inet_int.hrl

		inet_hosts.erl

		inet_dns_record_adts.pl

		erl_reply.erl

		net_kernel.erl

		net_adm.erl

		net.erl

	IO Request

		user_drv.erl

		user.erl

		user_sup.erl

		group.erl

Code生命周期管理

	code.erl

	code_server.erl

	erl_boot_server.erl

	erl_ddll.erl

distribute管理

	dist_util.erl

	dist_ac.erl

	Distributed Applications Controller

	erl_distribution.erl

	erl_epmd.erl

	rpc.erl

	pg2.erl

	global_search.erl

	global_group.erl

	global.erl

	auth.erl

OS

	os.erl

stdlib

相比kernel,stdlib恰如起名包含了绝大多数的功能模块,比如lists,ets,各种数据结构实现,当然最重要的是它包含了OTP的gen_server gen_fsm gen_event supervisor以及幕后英雄proc_lib和sys.如果你不嫌弃,这里有一份略微过时的文档,是我初学Erlang的时候在文档上做的笔记注释:[Erlang STDLIB 中文注释版]

特别值得一提的是shell和shell_default,对Erlang Shell好奇的同学看看这里能找到答案,所谓"EShell里面灵异的问题"也就有了一个合理的解释.

其它的模块因为功能特别明确很容易定位到,比如专门处理XML的xmerl,数据库mnesia等等,辅之以Google,几乎没有什么障碍;

Dive into ERTS

Atom and bifs

在 https://github.com/erlang/otp/tree/maint/erts/emulator/beam 能看到几个索引文件:

atom.names 枚举了ERTS使用的atom,学习一下惯用法还是非常有必要的

bif.tab bif清单注意 Use "ubif" for guard BIFs and operators; use "bif" for ordinary BIFs.

Basic Type

打开 https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/maint/erts/emulator/beam/sys.h

/*

** Data types:

**

** Eterm: A tagged erlang term (possibly 64 bits)

** BeamInstr: A beam code instruction unit, possibly larger than Eterm, not smaller.

** UInt:  An unsigned integer exactly as large as an Eterm.

** SInt:  A signed integer exactly as large as an eterm and therefor large

**        enough to hold the return value of the signed_val() macro.

** UWord: An unsigned integer at least as large as a void * and also as large

**          or larger than an Eterm

** SWord: A signed integer at least as large as a void * and also as large

**          or larger than an Eterm

** Uint32: An unsigned integer of 32 bits exactly

** Sint32: A signed integer of 32 bits exactly

** Uint16: An unsigned integer of 16 bits exactly

** Sint16: A signed integer of 16 bits exactly.

*/

类型转换 https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/maint/erts/emulator/beam/big.c

Erlang Term的构造代码在: https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/maint/erts/emulator/beam/erl_term.h

这里我们还能看到一些复杂数据结构的内部表示,比如:

两个例子

看两个例子吧,第一个例子lists的append是如何实现的,很容易找到lists.erl

https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/maint/lib/stdlib/src/lists.erl

append(L1, L2) -> L1 ++ L2.

我们发现其实append就是使用的++,那++是在哪里实现的呢?

在 https://github.com/erlang/otp/tree/maint/erts/emulator/beam 目录下面,可以看到一系列erl_bif_*.c的文件,这里可以找到对应模块的bif实现.打开

https://github.com/erlang/otp/blob/maint/erts/emulator/beam/erl_bif_lists.c 是不是很快就找到我们想要的代码了?对,就是我上面截图的代码,这里不再重述.

比较有趣的一个地方是这两句:

     copy = last = CONS(hp, CAR(list_val(list)), make_list(hp + 2));

     list = CDR(list_val(list));

有同学说,CAR CDR CONS这三个东西好熟悉啊?对,没错,这就是Lisp列表操作的三个基础原语,分别实现取表头,取表头外剩余部分,表构造(constructs),跳转到它们的实现,在erl_term.h:

#define CONS(hp, car, cdr) \

        (CAR(hp)=(car), CDR(hp)=(cdr), make_list(hp))

#define CAR(x)  ((x)[0])

#define CDR(x)  ((x)[1])

第二个例子 看看process的定义是什么样的

首先在 erl_process.h 找到 Process的定义

typedef struct process Process;

转到struct process的定义:

struct process {

    ErtsPTabElementCommon common; /* *Need* to be first in struct */

    /* All fields in the PCB that differs between different heap

     * architectures, have been moved to the end of this struct to

     * make sure that as few offsets as possible differ. Different

     * offsets between memory architectures in this struct, means that

     * native code have to use functions instead of constants.

     */

    Eterm* htop;		/* Heap top */

    Eterm* stop;		/* Stack top */

    Eterm* heap;		/* Heap start */

    Eterm* hend;		/* Heap end */

    Uint heap_sz;		/* Size of heap in words */

    Uint min_heap_size;         /* Minimum size of heap (in words). */

    Uint min_vheap_size;        /* Minimum size of virtual heap (in words). */

#if !defined(NO_FPE_SIGNALS) || defined(HIPE)

    volatile unsigned long fp_exception;

#endif

#ifdef HIPE

    /* HiPE-specific process fields. Put it early in struct process,

       to enable smaller & faster addressing modes on the x86. */

    struct hipe_process_state hipe;

#endif

    /*

     * Saved x registers.

     */

    Uint arity;			/* Number of live argument registers (only valid

				 * when process is *not* running).

				 */

    Eterm* arg_reg;		/* Pointer to argument registers. */

    unsigned max_arg_reg;	/* Maximum number of argument registers available. */

    Eterm def_arg_reg[6];	/* Default array for argument registers. */

    BeamInstr* cp;		/* (untagged) Continuation pointer (for threaded code). */

    BeamInstr* i;		/* Program counter for threaded code. */

    Sint catches;		/* Number of catches on stack */

    Sint fcalls;		/*

				 * Number of reductions left to execute.

				 * Only valid for the current process.

				 */

    Uint32 rcount;		/* suspend count */

    int  schedule_count;	/* Times left to reschedule a low prio process */

    Uint reds;			/* No of reductions for this process  */

    Eterm group_leader;		/* Pid in charge

				   (can be boxed) */

    Uint flags;			/* Trap exit, etc (no trace flags anymore) */

    Eterm fvalue;		/* Exit & Throw value (failure reason) */

    Uint freason;		/* Reason for detected failure */

    Eterm ftrace;		/* Latest exception stack trace dump */

    Process *next;		/* Pointer to next process in run queue */

    struct ErtsNodesMonitor_ *nodes_monitors;

    ErtsSuspendMonitor *suspend_monitors; /* Processes suspended by

					     this process via

					     erlang:suspend_process/1 */

    ErlMessageQueue msg;	/* Message queue */

    union {

	ErtsBifTimer *bif_timers;	/* Bif timers aiming at this process */

	void *terminate;

    } u;

    ProcDict  *dictionary;       /* Process dictionary, may be NULL */

    Uint seq_trace_clock;

    Uint seq_trace_lastcnt;

    Eterm seq_trace_token;	/* Sequential trace token (tuple size 5 see below) */

#ifdef USE_VM_PROBES

    Eterm dt_utag;              /* Place to store the dynamc trace user tag */

    Uint dt_utag_flags;         /* flag field for the dt_utag */

#endif

    BeamInstr initial[3];	/* Initial module(0), function(1), arity(2), often used instead

				   of pointer to funcinfo instruction, hence the BeamInstr datatype */

    BeamInstr* current;		/* Current Erlang function, part of the funcinfo:

				 * module(0), function(1), arity(2)

				 * (module and functions are tagged atoms;

				 * arity an untagged integer). BeamInstr * because it references code

				 */

    /*

     * Information mainly for post-mortem use (erl crash dump).

     */

    Eterm parent;		/* Pid of process that created this process. */

    erts_approx_time_t approx_started; /* Time when started. */

    /* This is the place, where all fields that differs between memory

     * architectures, have gone to.

     */

    Eterm *high_water;

    Eterm *old_hend;            /* Heap pointers for generational GC. */

    Eterm *old_htop;

    Eterm *old_heap;

    Uint16 gen_gcs;		/* Number of (minor) generational GCs. */

    Uint16 max_gen_gcs;		/* Max minor gen GCs before fullsweep. */

    ErlOffHeap off_heap;	/* Off-heap data updated by copy_struct(). */

    ErlHeapFragment* mbuf;	/* Pointer to message buffer list */

    Uint mbuf_sz;		/* Size of all message buffers */

    ErtsPSD *psd;		/* Rarely used process specific data */

    Uint64 bin_vheap_sz;	/* Virtual heap block size for binaries */

    Uint64 bin_vheap_mature;	/* Virtual heap block size for binaries */

    Uint64 bin_old_vheap_sz;	/* Virtual old heap block size for binaries */

    Uint64 bin_old_vheap;	/* Virtual old heap size for binaries */

    ErtsProcSysTaskQs *sys_task_qs;

    erts_smp_atomic32_t state;  /* Process state flags (see ERTS_PSFLG_*) */

#ifdef ERTS_SMP

    ErlMessageInQueue msg_inq;

    ErtsPendExit pending_exit;

    erts_proc_lock_t lock;

    ErtsSchedulerData *scheduler_data;

    Eterm suspendee;

    ErtsPendingSuspend *pending_suspenders;

    erts_smp_atomic_t run_queue;

#ifdef HIPE

    struct hipe_process_state_smp hipe_smp;

#endif

#endif

#ifdef CHECK_FOR_HOLES

    Eterm* last_htop;		/* No need to scan the heap below this point. */

    ErlHeapFragment* last_mbuf;	/* No need to scan beyond this mbuf. */

#endif

#ifdef DEBUG

    Eterm* last_old_htop;	/*

				 * No need to scan the old heap below this point

				 * when looking for invalid pointers into the new heap or

				 * heap fragments.

				 */

#endif

#ifdef FORCE_HEAP_FRAGS

    Uint space_verified;        /* Avoid HAlloc forcing heap fragments when */

    Eterm* space_verified_from; /* we rely on available heap space (TestHeap) */

#endif

};

庄子说:"吾生也有涯,而知也无涯.以有涯随无涯,殆已!",所以各取所需就好,今天就到这里,且行且珍惜吧

[0] Routemap source tree https://github.com/erlang/otp/wiki/Routemap-source-tree

[1] A GUIDE TO THE ERLANG SOURCE https://erlangcentral.org/wiki/index.php/A_Guide_To_The_Erlang_Source

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[Erlang 0119] Erlang OTP 源码阅读指引

源码下载

源码阅读工具

Overview

Dive into ERTS

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