从终端检测python中键盘输入的最简单方法是什么？

I have a simple python script, that has some functions that run in a loop (I'm taking sensor readings).

我有一个简单的python脚本,它有一些在循环中运行的函数(我正在读取传感器读数)。

while True:
    print "Doing a function"

If the keyboard is pressed I'd like to print "key pressed".

如果键盘被按下,我想打印“按下键”。

What's the simplest way of doing this in Python? I've searched high and low. I've found out how to do it with pygame, but I'd rather do it without. If I do have to use pygame is it possible to not have a separate window for the application?:

在Python中执行此操作的最简单方法是什么?我搜索过高低。我已经发现了如何用pygame做到这一点,但我宁愿这样做也没有。如果我必须使用pygame,可能没有一个单独的应用程序窗口?:

import pygame, time
from pygame.locals import *

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
pygame.display.set_caption('Pygame Keyboard Test')
pygame.mouse.set_visible(0)


while True:

   print "doing a function"

    for event in pygame.event.get():
      if (event.type == KEYUP) or (event.type == KEYDOWN):
         print "key pressed"
         time.sleep(0.1)

9 个解决方案

#1

Edit:

I've thought about this problem a lot, and there are a few different behaviors one could want. I've been implementing most of them for Unix and Windows, and will post them here once they are done.

我经常考虑这个问题,并且可能会有一些不同的行为。我一直在为Unix和Windows实现它们中的大部分,并且一旦完成就将它们发布在这里。

Synchronous/Blocking key capture:

1. A simple input or raw_input, a blocking function which returns text typed by a user once they press a newline.

一个简单的输入或raw_input,一个阻塞函数,它返回用户按下换行符后输入的文本。

2. A simple blocking function that waits for the user to press a single key, then returns that key

一个简单的阻塞函数,等待用户按下单个键,然后返回该键

Asynchronous key capture:

1. A callback that is called with the pressed key whenever the user types a key into the command prompt, even when typing things into an interpreter (a keylogger)

每当用户在命令提示符中键入一个键时,使用按下键调用的回调,即使在解释器(键盘记录器)中键入内容时也是如此

2. A callback that is called with the typed text after the user presses enter (a less realtime keylogger)

用户按下Enter后使用键入的文本调用的回调(实时键盘记录更少)

3. A callback that is called with the keys pressed when a program is running (say, in a for loop or while loop)

在程序运行时按下按键调用的回调(例如,在for循环或while循环中)

Polling:

1. The user simply wants to be able to do something when a key is pressed, without having to wait for that key (so this should be non-blocking). Thus they call a poll() function and that either returns a key, or returns None. This can either be lossy (if they take too long to between poll they can miss a key) or non-lossy (the poller will store the history of all keys pressed, so when the poll() function requests them they will always be returned in the order pressed).

   用户只是希望能够在按下键时执行某些操作,而无需等待该键(因此这应该是非阻塞的)。因此,他们调用poll()函数并返回一个键,或返回None。这可能是有损的(如果它们在轮询之间花费太长时间,它们可能会错过一个键)或无损(轮询器将存储所有按键的历史记录,因此当poll()函数请求它们时,它们将始终返回按顺序)。

2. The same as 1, except that poll only returns something once the user presses a newline.

   与1相同,只是一旦用户按下换行,poll仅返回一些内容。

Robots:

These are something that can be called to programmatically fire keyboard events. This can be used alongside key captures to echo them back out to the user

这些是可以调用以编程方式触发键盘事件的东西。这可以与关键捕获一起使用,以将它们回显给用户

Implementations

Synchronous/Blocking key capture:

A simple input or raw_input, a blocking function which returns text typed by a user once they press a newline.

一个简单的输入或raw_input,一个阻塞函数,它返回用户按下换行符后输入的文本。

typedString = raw_input()

A simple blocking function that waits for the user to press a single key, then returns that key

一个简单的阻塞函数,等待用户按下单个键,然后返回该键

class _Getch:
    """Gets a single character from standard input.  Does not echo to the
screen. From http://code.activestate.com/recipes/134892/"""
    def __init__(self):
        try:
            self.impl = _GetchWindows()
        except ImportError:
            try:
                self.impl = _GetchMacCarbon()
            except(AttributeError, ImportError):
                self.impl = _GetchUnix()

    def __call__(self): return self.impl()


class _GetchUnix:
    def __init__(self):
        import tty, sys, termios # import termios now or else you'll get the Unix version on the Mac

    def __call__(self):
        import sys, tty, termios
        fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
        old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
        try:
            tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
            ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
        finally:
            termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
        return ch

class _GetchWindows:
    def __init__(self):
        import msvcrt

    def __call__(self):
        import msvcrt
        return msvcrt.getch()

class _GetchMacCarbon:
    """
    A function which returns the current ASCII key that is down;
    if no ASCII key is down, the null string is returned.  The
    page http://www.mactech.com/macintosh-c/chap02-1.html was
    very helpful in figuring out how to do this.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        import Carbon
        Carbon.Evt #see if it has this (in Unix, it doesn't)

    def __call__(self):
        import Carbon
        if Carbon.Evt.EventAvail(0x0008)[0]==0: # 0x0008 is the keyDownMask
            return ''
        else:
            #
            # The event contains the following info:
            # (what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1]
            #
            # The message (msg) contains the ASCII char which is
            # extracted with the 0x000000FF charCodeMask; this
            # number is converted to an ASCII character with chr() and
            # returned
            #
            (what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1]
            return chr(msg & 0x000000FF)


def getKey():
    inkey = _Getch()
    import sys
    for i in xrange(sys.maxint):
        k=inkey()
        if k<>'':break

    return k

Asynchronous key capture:

A callback that is called with the pressed key whenever the user types a key into the command prompt, even when typing things into an interpreter (a keylogger)

每当用户在命令提示符中键入一个键时,使用按下键调用的回调,即使在解释器(键盘记录器)中键入内容时也是如此

A callback that is called with the typed text after the user presses enter (a less realtime keylogger)

用户按下Enter后使用键入的文本调用的回调(实时键盘记录更少)

Windows:

This uses the windows Robot given below, naming the script keyPress.py

这使用下面给出的windows Robot,命名脚本keyPress.py

# Some if this is from http://nullege.com/codes/show/src@e@i@einstein-HEAD@Python25Einstein@[e-mail]/380/win32api.GetStdHandle
# and
# http://nullege.com/codes/show/src@v@i@VistA-HEAD@Python@[e-mail]/901/win32console.GetStdHandle.PeekConsoleInput

from ctypes import *
import time
import threading

from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE

from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_WINDOW_INPUT, ENABLE_MOUSE_INPUT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT

import keyPress


class CaptureLines():
    def __init__(self):
        self.stopLock = threading.Lock()

        self.isCapturingInputLines = False

        self.inputLinesHookCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int)(self.inputLinesHook)
        self.pyosInputHookPointer = c_void_p.in_dll(pythonapi, "PyOS_InputHook")
        self.originalPyOsInputHookPointerValue = self.pyosInputHookPointer.value

        self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
        self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)

    def inputLinesHook(self):

        self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
        inputChars = self.readHandle.ReadConsole(10000000)
        self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)

        if inputChars == "\r\n":
            keyPress.KeyPress("\n")
            return 0

        inputChars = inputChars[:-2]

        inputChars += "\n"

        for c in inputChars:
            keyPress.KeyPress(c)

        self.inputCallback(inputChars)

        return 0


    def startCapture(self, inputCallback):
        self.stopLock.acquire()

        try:
            if self.isCapturingInputLines:
                raise Exception("Already capturing keystrokes")

            self.isCapturingInputLines = True
            self.inputCallback = inputCallback

            self.pyosInputHookPointer.value = cast(self.inputLinesHookCallback, c_void_p).value
        except Exception as e:
            self.stopLock.release()
            raise

        self.stopLock.release()

    def stopCapture(self):
        self.stopLock.acquire()

        try:
            if not self.isCapturingInputLines:
                raise Exception("Keystrokes already aren't being captured")

            self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)

            self.isCapturingInputLines = False
            self.pyosInputHookPointer.value = self.originalPyOsInputHookPointerValue

        except Exception as e:
            self.stopLock.release()
            raise

        self.stopLock.release()

A callback that is called with the keys pressed when a program is running (say, in a for loop or while loop)

在程序运行时按下按键调用的回调(例如,在for循环或while循环中)

Windows:

import threading
from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE
from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT


class KeyAsyncReader():
    def __init__(self):
        self.stopLock = threading.Lock()
        self.stopped = True
        self.capturedChars = ""

        self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
        self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)



    def startReading(self, readCallback):
        self.stopLock.acquire()

        try:
            if not self.stopped:
                raise Exception("Capture is already going")

            self.stopped = False
            self.readCallback = readCallback

            backgroundCaptureThread = threading.Thread(target=self.backgroundThreadReading)
            backgroundCaptureThread.daemon = True
            backgroundCaptureThread.start()
        except:
            self.stopLock.release()
            raise

        self.stopLock.release()


    def backgroundThreadReading(self):
        curEventLength = 0
        curKeysLength = 0
        while True:
            eventsPeek = self.readHandle.PeekConsoleInput(10000)

            self.stopLock.acquire()
            if self.stopped:
                self.stopLock.release()
                return
            self.stopLock.release()


            if len(eventsPeek) == 0:
                continue

            if not len(eventsPeek) == curEventLength:
                if self.getCharsFromEvents(eventsPeek[curEventLength:]):
                    self.stopLock.acquire()
                    self.stopped = True
                    self.stopLock.release()
                    break

                curEventLength = len(eventsPeek)



    def getCharsFromEvents(self, eventsPeek):
        callbackReturnedTrue = False
        for curEvent in eventsPeek:
            if curEvent.EventType == KEY_EVENT:
                    if ord(curEvent.Char) == 0 or not curEvent.KeyDown:
                        pass
                    else:
                        curChar = str(curEvent.Char)
                        if self.readCallback(curChar) == True:
                            callbackReturnedTrue = True


        return callbackReturnedTrue

    def stopReading(self):
        self.stopLock.acquire()
        self.stopped = True
        self.stopLock.release()

Polling:

The user simply wants to be able to do something when a key is pressed, without having to wait for that key (so this should be non-blocking). Thus they call a poll() function and that either returns a key, or returns None. This can either be lossy (if they take too long to between poll they can miss a key) or non-lossy (the poller will store the history of all keys pressed, so when the poll() function requests them they will always be returned in the order pressed).

用户只是希望能够在按下键时执行某些操作,而无需等待该键(因此这应该是非阻塞的)。因此,他们调用poll()函数并返回一个键,或返回None。这可能是有损的(如果它们在轮询之间花费太长时间,它们可能会错过一个键)或无损(轮询器将存储所有按键的历史记录,因此当poll()函数请求它们时,它们将始终返回按顺序)。

Windows and OS X (and maybe Linux):

Windows和OS X(也许是Linux):

global isWindows

isWindows = False
try:
    from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE
    from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT
    isWindows = True
except ImportError as e:
    import sys
    import select
    import termios


class KeyPoller():
    def __enter__(self):
        global isWindows
        if isWindows:
            self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
            self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)

            self.curEventLength = 0
            self.curKeysLength = 0

            self.capturedChars = []
        else:
            # Save the terminal settings
            self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
            self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
            self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)

            # New terminal setting unbuffered
            self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO)
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)

        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        if isWindows:
            pass
        else:
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term)

    def poll(self):
        if isWindows:
            if not len(self.capturedChars) == 0:
                return self.capturedChars.pop(0)

            eventsPeek = self.readHandle.PeekConsoleInput(10000)

            if len(eventsPeek) == 0:
                return None

            if not len(eventsPeek) == self.curEventLength:
                for curEvent in eventsPeek[self.curEventLength:]:
                    if curEvent.EventType == KEY_EVENT:
                        if ord(curEvent.Char) == 0 or not curEvent.KeyDown:
                            pass
                        else:
                            curChar = str(curEvent.Char)
                            self.capturedChars.append(curChar)
                self.curEventLength = len(eventsPeek)

            if not len(self.capturedChars) == 0:
                return self.capturedChars.pop(0)
            else:
                return None
        else:
            dr,dw,de = select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
            if not dr == []:
                return sys.stdin.read(1)
            return None

Simple use case:

简单的用例:

with KeyPoller() as keyPoller:
    while True:
        c = keyPoller.poll()
        if not c is None:
            if c == "c":
                break
            print c

The same as above, except that poll only returns something once the user presses a newline.

与上面相同,除了轮询仅在用户按下换行符时返回一些内容。

Robots:

These are something that can be called to programmatically fire keyboard events. This can be used alongside key captures to echo them back out to the user

这些是可以调用以编程方式触发键盘事件的东西。这可以与关键捕获一起使用,以将它们回显给用户

Windows:

# Modified from http://*.com/a/13615802/2924421

import ctypes
from ctypes import wintypes
import time

user32 = ctypes.WinDLL('user32', use_last_error=True)

INPUT_MOUSE    = 0
INPUT_KEYBOARD = 1
INPUT_HARDWARE = 2

KEYEVENTF_EXTENDEDKEY = 0x0001
KEYEVENTF_KEYUP       = 0x0002
KEYEVENTF_UNICODE     = 0x0004
KEYEVENTF_SCANCODE    = 0x0008

MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC = 0

# C struct definitions
wintypes.ULONG_PTR = wintypes.WPARAM

SendInput = ctypes.windll.user32.SendInput

PUL = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ulong)

class KEYBDINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = (("wVk",         wintypes.WORD),
                ("wScan",       wintypes.WORD),
                ("dwFlags",     wintypes.DWORD),
                ("time",        wintypes.DWORD),
                ("dwExtraInfo", wintypes.ULONG_PTR))

class MOUSEINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = (("dx",          wintypes.LONG),
                ("dy",          wintypes.LONG),
                ("mouseData",   wintypes.DWORD),
                ("dwFlags",     wintypes.DWORD),
                ("time",        wintypes.DWORD),
                ("dwExtraInfo", wintypes.ULONG_PTR))

class HARDWAREINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = (("uMsg",    wintypes.DWORD),
                ("wParamL", wintypes.WORD),
                ("wParamH", wintypes.WORD))

class INPUT(ctypes.Structure):
    class _INPUT(ctypes.Union):
        _fields_ = (("ki", KEYBDINPUT),
                    ("mi", MOUSEINPUT),
                    ("hi", HARDWAREINPUT))
    _anonymous_ = ("_input",)
    _fields_ = (("type",   wintypes.DWORD),
                ("_input", _INPUT))

LPINPUT = ctypes.POINTER(INPUT)

def _check_count(result, func, args):
    if result == 0:
        raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
    return args

user32.SendInput.errcheck = _check_count
user32.SendInput.argtypes = (wintypes.UINT, # nInputs
                             LPINPUT,       # pInputs
                             ctypes.c_int)  # cbSize

def KeyDown(unicodeKey):
    key, unikey, uniflag = GetKeyCode(unicodeKey)
    x = INPUT( type=INPUT_KEYBOARD, ki= KEYBDINPUT( key, unikey, uniflag, 0))
    user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.byref(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))

def KeyUp(unicodeKey):
    key, unikey, uniflag = GetKeyCode(unicodeKey)
    extra = ctypes.c_ulong(0)
    x = INPUT( type=INPUT_KEYBOARD, ki= KEYBDINPUT( key, unikey, uniflag | KEYEVENTF_KEYUP, 0))
    user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.byref(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))

def KeyPress(unicodeKey):
    time.sleep(0.0001)
    KeyDown(unicodeKey)
    time.sleep(0.0001)
    KeyUp(unicodeKey)
    time.sleep(0.0001)


def GetKeyCode(unicodeKey):
    k = unicodeKey
    curKeyCode = 0
    if k == "up": curKeyCode = 0x26
    elif k == "down": curKeyCode = 0x28
    elif k == "left": curKeyCode = 0x25
    elif k == "right": curKeyCode = 0x27
    elif k == "home": curKeyCode = 0x24
    elif k == "end": curKeyCode = 0x23
    elif k == "insert": curKeyCode = 0x2D
    elif k == "pgup": curKeyCode = 0x21
    elif k == "pgdn": curKeyCode = 0x22
    elif k == "delete": curKeyCode = 0x2E
    elif k == "\n": curKeyCode = 0x0D

    if curKeyCode == 0:
        return 0, int(unicodeKey.encode("hex"), 16), KEYEVENTF_UNICODE
    else:
        return curKeyCode, 0, 0

OS X:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import time
from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent
from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGEventPost

# Python releases things automatically, using CFRelease will result in a scary error
#from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CFRelease

from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGHIDEventTap

# From http://*.com/questions/281133/controlling-the-mouse-from-python-in-os-x
# and from https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Carbon/Reference/QuartzEventServicesRef/index.html#//apple_ref/c/func/CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent


def KeyDown(k):
    keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)

    time.sleep(0.0001)

    if shiftKey:
        CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, True))
        time.sleep(0.0001)

    CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, True))
    time.sleep(0.0001)

    if shiftKey:
        CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, False))
        time.sleep(0.0001)

def KeyUp(k):
    keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)

    time.sleep(0.0001)

    CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, False))
    time.sleep(0.0001)

def KeyPress(k):
    keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)

    time.sleep(0.0001)

    if shiftKey:
        CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, True))
        time.sleep(0.0001)

    CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, True))
    time.sleep(0.0001)

    CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, False))
    time.sleep(0.0001)

    if shiftKey:
        CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, False))
        time.sleep(0.0001)



# From http://*.com/questions/3202629/where-can-i-find-a-list-of-mac-virtual-key-codes

def toKeyCode(c):
    shiftKey = False
    # Letter
    if c.isalpha():
        if not c.islower():
            shiftKey = True
            c = c.lower()

    if c in shiftChars:
        shiftKey = True
        c = shiftChars[c]
    if c in keyCodeMap:
        keyCode = keyCodeMap[c]
    else:
        keyCode = ord(c)
    return keyCode, shiftKey

shiftChars = {
    '~': '`',
    '!': '1',
    '@': '2',
    '#': '3',
    '$': '4',
    '%': '5',
    '^': '6',
    '&': '7',
    '*': '8',
    '(': '9',
    ')': '0',
    '_': '-',
    '+': '=',
    '{': '[',
    '}': ']',
    '|': '\\',
    ':': ';',
    '"': '\'',
    '<': ',',
    '>': '.',
    '?': '/'
}


keyCodeMap = {
    'a'                 : 0x00,
    's'                 : 0x01,
    'd'                 : 0x02,
    'f'                 : 0x03,
    'h'                 : 0x04,
    'g'                 : 0x05,
    'z'                 : 0x06,
    'x'                 : 0x07,
    'c'                 : 0x08,
    'v'                 : 0x09,
    'b'                 : 0x0B,
    'q'                 : 0x0C,
    'w'                 : 0x0D,
    'e'                 : 0x0E,
    'r'                 : 0x0F,
    'y'                 : 0x10,
    't'                 : 0x11,
    '1'                 : 0x12,
    '2'                 : 0x13,
    '3'                 : 0x14,
    '4'                 : 0x15,
    '6'                 : 0x16,
    '5'                 : 0x17,
    '='                 : 0x18,
    '9'                 : 0x19,
    '7'                 : 0x1A,
    '-'                 : 0x1B,
    '8'                 : 0x1C,
    '0'                 : 0x1D,
    ']'                 : 0x1E,
    'o'                 : 0x1F,
    'u'                 : 0x20,
    '['                 : 0x21,
    'i'                 : 0x22,
    'p'                 : 0x23,
    'l'                 : 0x25,
    'j'                 : 0x26,
    '\''                : 0x27,
    'k'                 : 0x28,
    ';'                 : 0x29,
    '\\'                : 0x2A,
    ','                 : 0x2B,
    '/'                 : 0x2C,
    'n'                 : 0x2D,
    'm'                 : 0x2E,
    '.'                 : 0x2F,
    '`'                 : 0x32,
    'k.'                : 0x41,
    'k*'                : 0x43,
    'k+'                : 0x45,
    'kclear'            : 0x47,
    'k/'                : 0x4B,
    'k\n'               : 0x4C,
    'k-'                : 0x4E,
    'k='                : 0x51,
    'k0'                : 0x52,
    'k1'                : 0x53,
    'k2'                : 0x54,
    'k3'                : 0x55,
    'k4'                : 0x56,
    'k5'                : 0x57,
    'k6'                : 0x58,
    'k7'                : 0x59,
    'k8'                : 0x5B,
    'k9'                : 0x5C,

    # keycodes for keys that are independent of keyboard layout
    '\n'                : 0x24,
    '\t'                : 0x30,
    ' '                 : 0x31,
    'del'               : 0x33,
    'delete'            : 0x33,
    'esc'               : 0x35,
    'escape'            : 0x35,
    'cmd'               : 0x37,
    'command'           : 0x37,
    'shift'             : 0x38,
    'caps lock'         : 0x39,
    'option'            : 0x3A,
    'ctrl'              : 0x3B,
    'control'           : 0x3B,
    'right shift'       : 0x3C,
    'rshift'            : 0x3C,
    'right option'      : 0x3D,
    'roption'           : 0x3D,
    'right control'     : 0x3E,
    'rcontrol'          : 0x3E,
    'fun'               : 0x3F,
    'function'          : 0x3F,
    'f17'               : 0x40,
    'volume up'         : 0x48,
    'volume down'       : 0x49,
    'mute'              : 0x4A,
    'f18'               : 0x4F,
    'f19'               : 0x50,
    'f20'               : 0x5A,
    'f5'                : 0x60,
    'f6'                : 0x61,
    'f7'                : 0x62,
    'f3'                : 0x63,
    'f8'                : 0x64,
    'f9'                : 0x65,
    'f11'               : 0x67,
    'f13'               : 0x69,
    'f16'               : 0x6A,
    'f14'               : 0x6B,
    'f10'               : 0x6D,
    'f12'               : 0x6F,
    'f15'               : 0x71,
    'help'              : 0x72,
    'home'              : 0x73,
    'pgup'              : 0x74,
    'page up'           : 0x74,
    'forward delete'    : 0x75,
    'f4'                : 0x76,
    'end'               : 0x77,
    'f2'                : 0x78,
    'page down'         : 0x79,
    'pgdn'              : 0x79,
    'f1'                : 0x7A,
    'left'              : 0x7B,
    'right'             : 0x7C,
    'down'              : 0x7D,
    'up'                : 0x7E
}

#2

The Python Documentation provides this snippet to get single characters from the keyboard:

Python文档提供了此片段以从键盘获取单个字符:

import termios, fcntl, sys, os
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()

oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)

try:
    while 1:
        try:
            c = sys.stdin.read(1)
            print "Got character", repr(c)
        except IOError: pass
finally:
    termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
    fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)

You can also use the PyHook module to get your job done.

您还可以使用PyHook模块完成工作。

#3

You can use methods from http://docs.python.org/2/library/msvcrt.html if you are on Windows.

如果您使用的是Windows,则可以使用http://docs.python.org/2/library/msvcrt.html中的方法。

import msvcrt
....
while True:
    print "Doing a function"
    if msvcrt.kbhit():
        print "Key pressed: %s" % msvcrt.getch()

#4

One of the simplest way I found is to use pynput module.can be found here with nice examples as well

我找到的最简单的方法之一是使用pynput module.can,这里也可以找到很好的例子

from pynput import keyboard

def on_press(key):
    try:
        print('alphanumeric key {0} pressed'.format(
            key.char))
    except AttributeError:
        print('special key {0} pressed'.format(
            key))

def on_release(key):
    print('{0} released'.format(
        key))
    if key == keyboard.Key.esc:
        # Stop listener
        return False

# Collect events until released
with keyboard.Listener(
        on_press=on_press,
        on_release=on_release) as listener:
    listener.join()

above is the example worked out for me and to install, go

以上是为我设计并安装的示例

sudo pip install pynput (pip3 if python3.*)

#5

These functions, based on the above, seem to work well for getting characters from the keyboard (blocking and non-blocking):

基于上述内容,这些函数似乎适用于从键盘获取字符(阻塞和非阻塞):

import termios, fcntl, sys, os

def get_char_keyboard():
  fd = sys.stdin.fileno()

  oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
  newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
  newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
  termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

  c = None
  try:
    c = sys.stdin.read(1)
  except IOError: pass

  termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)

  return c

def get_char_keyboard_nonblock():
  fd = sys.stdin.fileno()

  oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
  newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
  newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
  termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)

  oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
  fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)

  c = None

  try:
    c = sys.stdin.read(1)
  except IOError: pass

  termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
  fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)

  return c

#6

I wrote a more easy-to-use implementation for @enrico.bacis's answer. It supports both Linux(python2.7 and python3.5) and Windows(python2.7). It may support Mac OS, but I didn't test it. If you tried it on Mac, please tell me the result.

我为@ enrico.bacis的答案写了一个更易于使用的实现。它支持Linux(python2.7和python3.5)和Windows(python2.7)。它可能支持Mac OS,但我没有测试它。如果您在Mac上试过它,请告诉我结果。

'''
Author: Yu Lou
Date: 2017-02-23

Based on the answer by @enrico.bacis in http://*.com/a/13207724/4398908
and @Phylliida in http://*.com/a/31736883/4398908
'''

# Import modules
try:
    try:
        import termios, fcntl, sys, os, curses # Import modules for Linux
    except ImportError:
        import msvcrt # Import module for Windows
except ImportError:
    raise Exception('This platform is not supported.')

class KeyGetterLinux:
    '''
    Implemented kbhit(), getch() and getchar() in Linux.

    Tested on Ubuntu 16.10(Linux 4.8.0), Python 2.7.12 and Python 3.5.2
    '''
    def __init__(self):
        self.buffer = '' # A buffer to store the character read by kbhit
        self.started = False # Whether initialization is complete

    def kbhit(self, echo = False):
        '''
        Return whether a key is hitten.
        '''
        if not self.buffer:
            if echo:
                self.buffer = self.getchar(block = False)
            else:
                self.buffer = self.getch(block = False)

        return bool(self.buffer)

    def getch(self, block = True):
        '''
        Return a single character without echo.
        If block is False and no input is currently available, return an empty string without waiting.
        '''
        try:
            curses.initscr()
            curses.noecho()
            return self.getchar(block)
        finally:
            curses.endwin()

    def getchar(self, block = True):
        '''
        Return a single character and echo.
        If block is False and no input is currently available, return an empty string without waiting.
        '''
        self._start()
        try:
            return self._getchar(block)
        finally:
            self._stop()

    def _getchar(self, block = True):
        '''
        Return a single character and echo.
        If block is False and no input is currently available, return a empty string without waiting.
        Should be called between self._start() and self._end()
        '''
        assert self.started, ('_getchar() is called before _start()')

        # Change the terminal setting
        if block:
            fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags & ~os.O_NONBLOCK)
        else:
            fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags | os.O_NONBLOCK)

        if self.buffer: # Use the character in buffer first
            result = self.buffer
            self.buffer = ''
        else:
            try:
                result = sys.stdin.read(1)
            except IOError: # In python 2.7, using read() when no input is available will result in IOError.
                return ''

        return result

    def _start(self):
        '''
        Initialize the terminal.
        '''
        assert not self.started, '_start() is called twice'

        self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()

        self.old_attr = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)

        new_attr = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
        new_attr[3] = new_attr[3] & ~termios.ICANON
        termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSANOW, new_attr)

        self.old_flags = fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)

        self.started = True

    def _stop(self):
        '''
        Restore the terminal.
        '''
        assert self.started, '_start() is not called'

        termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_attr)
        fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags)

        self.started = False

    # Magic functions for context manager
    def __enter__(self):
        self._start()
        self.getchar = self._getchar # No need for self._start() now
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self._stop()
        return False

class KeyGetterWindows:
    '''
    kbhit() and getchar() in Windows.

    Tested on Windows 7 64 bit, Python 2.7.1
    '''
    def kbhit(self, echo):
        return msvcrt.kbhit()

    def getchar(self, block = True):
        if not block and not msvcrt.kbhit():
            return ''
        return msvcrt.getchar()

    def getch(self, block = True):
        if not block and not msvcrt.kbhit():
            return ''
        return msvcrt.getch()

    _getchar = getchar

    # Magic functions for context manager
    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        return False

try:
    import termios
    KeyGetter = KeyGetterLinux # Use KeyGetterLinux if termios exists
except ImportError:
    KeyGetter = KeyGetterWindows # Use KeyGetterWindows otherwise

This is an example(assume that you saved the codes above in 'key_getter.py'):

这是一个示例(假设您在'key_getter.py'中保存了上面的代码):

from key_getter import KeyGetter
import time

def test1(): # Test with block=False
    print('test1')

    k = KeyGetter()
    try:
        while True:
            if k.kbhit():
                print('Got', repr(k.getch(False)))
                print('Got', repr(k.getch(False)))
            else:
                print('Nothing')

            time.sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass
    print(input('Enter something:'))

def test2(): # Test context manager with block=True
    print('test2')

    with KeyGetter() as k:
        try:
            while True:
                if k.kbhit():
                    print('Got', repr(k.getchar(True)))
                    print('Got', repr(k.getchar(True)))
                else:
                    print('Nothing')

                time.sleep(0.5)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            pass
    print(input('Enter something:'))

test1()
test2()

#7

Inspired from code found above (credits), the simple blocking (aka not CPU consuming) macOS version I was looking for:

灵感来自上面的代码(信用),我正在寻找的简单阻塞(又名不消耗CPU)macOS版本:

import termios
import sys
import fcntl
import os

def getKeyCode(blocking = True):
    fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
    oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
    newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
    newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
    termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
    if not blocking:
        oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
        fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
    try:
        return ord(sys.stdin.read(1))
    except IOError:
        return 0
    finally:
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
        if not blocking:
            fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)

def getKeyStroke():
    code  = getKeyCode()
    if code == 27:
        code2 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
        if code2 == 0:
            return "esc"
        elif code2 == 91:
            code3 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
            if code3 == 65:
                return "up"
            elif code3 == 66:
                return "down"
            elif code3 == 68:
                return "left"
            elif code3 == 67:
                return "right"
            else:
                return "esc?"
    elif code == 127:
        return "backspace"
    elif code == 9:
        return "tab"
    elif code == 10:
        return "return"
    elif code == 195 or code == 194:        
        code2 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
        return chr(code)+chr(code2) # utf-8 char
    else:
        return chr(code)


while True:
    print getKeyStroke()

2017-11-09, EDITED: Not tested with Python 3

2017-11-09,编辑:未经Python 3测试

#8

This worked for me on macOS Sierra and Python 2.7.10 and 3.6.3

这对我在macOS Sierra和Python 2.7.10和3.6.3上都有用

import sys,tty,os,termios
def getkey():
    old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
    tty.setcbreak(sys.stdin.fileno())
    try:
        while True:
            b = os.read(sys.stdin.fileno(), 3).decode()
            if len(b) == 3:
                k = ord(b[2])
            else:
                k = ord(b)
            key_mapping = {
                127: 'backspace',
                10: 'return',
                32: 'space',
                9: 'tab',
                27: 'esc',
                65: 'up',
                66: 'down',
                67: 'right',
                68: 'left'
            }
            return key_mapping.get(k, chr(k))
    finally:
        termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
try:
    while True:
        k = getkey()
        if k == 'esc':
            quit()
        else:
            print(k)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
    os.system('stty sane')
    print('stopping.')

#9

import turtle

wn = turtle.Screen()
turtle = turtle.Turtle()

def printLetter():
    print("a")

turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(printLetter, "a")