MySQL索引优化的实际案例分析

时间:2021-10-30 08:42:24

Order by desc/asc limit M是我在mysql sql优化中经常遇到的一种场景,其优化原理也非常的简单,就是利用索引的有序性,优化器沿着索引的顺序扫描,在扫描到符合条件的M行数据后,停止扫描;看起来非常的简单,但是我经常看到很多性能较差的sql没有利用这个优化规律,下面将结合一些实际的案例来分析说明:

案例一:

一条sql执行非常的慢,执行时间为:

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root@test 02:00:44
 
SELECT * FROM test_order_desc WHERE END_TIME>now() ORDER BY GMT_CREATE DESC,count_num DESC LIMIT 12, 12;
 
+---------+-----------+------------+------+---------------------+---------------------+-------------------
Data1.....................................................................................................
 
Data2.....................................................................................................
 
+---------+-----------+------------+------+---------------------+---------------------+-------------------
12 ROWS IN SET (0.49 sec)

执行计划如下:

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root@test_db01:53:23
 
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test_order_desc WHERE END_TIME > now()
 ORDER BY GMT_CREATE DESC,count_num DESC LIMIT 12, 12;
 
+----+-------------+----------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+--------+-----
 
| id | select_type | TABLE  | TYPE | possible_keys  | KEY  | key_len | REF | ROWS  | Extra   |
 
+----+-------------+----------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+--------+-----
 
| 1 | SIMPLE   | test_order_desc | range | ind_hot_endtime | ind_hot_endtime | 9    | NULL | 113549 | USING WHERE; USING filesort |
 
+----+-------------+----------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+--------+-----

Ind_hot_endtime索引为:

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root@test_db01:52:45:SHOW INDEX FROM test_order_desc;
 
Ind_hot_endtime(end_time,count_num)

在注意到sql中满足过滤条件end_time>now()的有113549行,在加上剩余的条件中含有order by,这样会造成排序的结果集非常的大,执行非常的耗费资源;于是分析sql,在sql中包括了order by desc limit这样的排序条件后,新增适当的索引满足排序的条件,同时由于有limit的限制结果集,当扫描到满足条件的行数后退出查询,那么我们来看看优化效果:

添加索引:

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root@test 02:01:06:ALTER TABLE test_order_desc ADD INDEX ind_gmt_create(gmt_create,count_num);
 
Query OK, 211945 ROWS affected (6.71 sec)
 
Records: 211945 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

再次执行sql,观察其执行时间:

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root@test 02:01:35:
 
SELECT * FROM test_order_desc WHERE END_TIME > now()  ORDER BY GMT_CREATE DESC,count_num DESC LIMIT 12, 12;
 
+---------+-----------+------------+------+---------------------+---------------------+
col2...................................................................................
 
+---------+-----------+------------+------+---------------------+---------------------+
 
Data1..................................................................................
 
Data2..................................................................................
 
+---------+-----------+------------+------+---------------------+---------------------+
 
12 ROWS IN SET (0.00 sec)

可以看到执行时间已经降到了毫秒以下,查看其执行计划:

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root@test 02:01:42:
 
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test_order_desc WHERE END_TIME > now() ORDER BY GMT_CREATE DESC,count_num DESC LIMIT 12, 12;
 
+----+-------------+----------+-------+-----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-------------+
 
| id | select_type | TABLE  | TYPE | possible_keys  | KEY | key_len | REF | ROWS | Extra |
 
+----+-------------+----------+-------+-----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+--------
 
| 1 | SIMPLE   | test_order_desc | INDEX | ind_hot_endtime | ind_gmt_create | 14   | NULL | 48 | USING WHERE |

可以看到优化器已经选择了ind_gmt_create索引扫描,这样的话就避免了对结果集进行排序的过程,同时优化器预估扫描14行数据就会得到满足查询条件的数据(END_TIME > now()),执行计划非常的理想。

 

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:05:15:
EXPLAIN SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;

案例二:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:05:15:
EXPLAIN SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;

MySQL索引优化的实际案例分析

B表的idx_uid_stat_inid的索引列包括了(user_id,status,instance_no):

MySQL索引优化的实际案例分析

我们从执行计划上分析来看,表的连接顺序为:b—>r_a—>a—>k,可以看到执行计划的第一行中需要扫描49212行的数据,同时由于status采用的是in的方式,instance_no即使在索引中也用不上,这样就导致了排序使用到了临时表,这也是导致sql执行慢的原因。我们看到sql中的最后一个排序为order by b.instance_no asc limit 37300,50,这里我们好像可以看到优化的曙光,调整数据库的索引以满足B表的排序需求:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:05:04 ALTER TABLE instance ADD INDEX ind_user_id(user_id,instance_no);
Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.56 sec)

调整索引后查看执行计划:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:09:42
EXPLAIN SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;

MySQL索引优化的实际案例分析

我们加上force index强制走我们新加的索引:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:10:24
EXPLAIN SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b force INDEX (ind_user_id) LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;

MySQL索引优化的实际案例分析

可以看到在加上提示符后,使用到了我们新加的索引,扫描的行数为54580行,执行时间:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:10:30
SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b force INDEX (ind_user_id) LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;
(0.49 sec)

原始的执行时间:

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root@127.0.0.1 : test_db 16:10:51:
SELECT b.*,a.*,k.*  FROM instance b  LEFT OUTER JOIN image a ON b.image_id=a.image_id LEFT OUTER JOIN key_pair k ON b.key_pair_id=k.key_pair_id LEFT OUTER JOIN region_alias r_a ON r_a.region_no=b.region_no WHERE b.STATUS IN (1,8) AND  b.user_id = 21 AND r_a.big_region_no='regeion_xx' ORDER BY b.instance_no ASC LIMIT 37300,50;
(1.28 sec)

总结:
Order by desc/asc limit的优化技术有时候在你无法建立很好索引的时候,往往会得到意想不到的优化效果,但有时候有一定的局限性,优化器可能不会按照你既定的索引路径扫描,优化器需要考虑到查询列的过滤性以及limit的长度,当查询列的选择性非常高的时候,使用sort的成本是不高的,当查询列的选择性很低的时候,那么使用order by +limit的技术是很有效的。