python爬虫之request and BeautifulSoup

时间：2021-11-19 09:21:52

1.爬虫的本质是什么?

模仿浏览器的行为,爬取网页信息。

2.requests

1.get请求

无参数实例

import requests

ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

print ret.text

有参数实例

import requests

ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params= {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})

print ret.text

get

2.post请求

import requests

import json

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

payload = {'v1': 'k1}

headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

print ret.text

3.其他请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)

requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.head(url, **kwargs)

requests.delete(url, **kwargs)

requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.options(url, **kwargs)

# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4.更多参数与实例

  • method 
    def param_method_url():
    
    ret=requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    
    ret=requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
  • params 
    import requests  

  requests.get(url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'})

#他的本质与requests.get(url='xxxxx?k1=v1&k2=v2')
  • data 
        # 可以是字典
    
    # 可以是字符串
    
    # 可以是字节
    
    # 可以是文件对象
    
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    
    # )
  • json 
    #如果请求体是 payload的话则需要传入json格式
    
requests.request(method='POST',
    
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
  • cookies 
    ret1 = requests.get(
    
    url='https://dig.chouti.com/',
    
    headers={
    
        'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36'
    
    }   )
    
ret1_cookies = ret1.cookies.get_dict()
    
#获取的ret1.cookies是访问该url返回的cookies对象
    
#通过get_dict()获取到字典类型的cookies

  • headers

        # 发送请求头到服务器端
    
    requests.request(method='POST',
    
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
    
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    
                     )
    
    #具体需要什么请求头要看服务器端

  • files

     # 发送文件
    
    # file_dict = {
    
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    
    # }
    
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    
    # file_dict = {
    
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    
    # }
    
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    
    # file_dict = {
    
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    
    # }
    
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    
    # file_dict = {
    
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    
    # }
    
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass
  • timeout 
     设置超时时间,如果访问超过超时时间就停止访问
    
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    
    # print(ret)
    
    pass
  • allow_redirects 
    #是否允许重定向,默认为true
    
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    
    print(ret.text)

BeautifulSoup

该模块可以将接收到的html和xml进行格式化,通过操作对象的方式快速的找到想要的标签

  1. 使用实例 
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html_doc = """
    
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
    
<body>
    
    ...
    
</body>
    
</html>
    
"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
  2. name--->标签名 
    # tag = soup.find('a')
    
# name = tag.name # 获取
    
# print(name)
    
# tag.name = 'span' # 设置
  3. attr--->标签属性 
    # tag = soup.find('a')
    
# attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取
    
# print(attrs)
    
# tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置
    
# tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置
  4. children--->所有子标签 
    # body = soup.find('body')
    
# v = body.children
  5. descendants 所有后代 
    # body = soup.find('body')
    
# v = body.descendants
  6. clear--->将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名） 
    # tag = soup.find('body')
    
# tag.clear()
    
# print(soup)
  7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签 
     #body = soup.find('body')
    
# v = body.extract()
    
# print(soup)
  8. find,获取匹配的第一个标签 
    # tag = soup.find('a')
    
# print(tag)
    
# tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    
# tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    
# print(tag)
  9. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签 
    # tags = soup.find_all('a')
    
# print(tags)

# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
    
# print(tags)

# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    
# # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
    
# print(tags)

# ####### 列表 #######
    
# v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])
    
# print(v)

# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
    
# print(v)
  10. has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性 
    # tag = soup.find('a')
    
# v = tag.has_attr('id')
    
# print(v)

爬取汽车之家实例

import  requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# 这个模块解析html

# 下载页面

ret = requests.get(url='https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')

# print(ret.apparent_encoding)#爬取编码格式

# print(ret.content)

# ret.encoding = 'gbk'

ret.encoding=ret.apparent_encoding

# print(ret.text)

# 页面解析.获取想要的内容

soup = BeautifulSoup(ret.text,features='html.parser') # 公司用 lxml(需要单独安装)

# find是匹配成功的第一个

div =soup.find(name='div',id='auto-channel-lazyload-article')

#如果有class 匹配的时候:

# *****div = soup.find(name='div',attrs={'class':'dddd','id':'dfa'})*****

li_list=div.find_all(name='li')  # find_all返回的是一个列表 不能够用.find

# print(li_list)

for row in li_list:

    h3=row.find(name='h3')

    if not h3:

        continue

    a=row.find(name='a')

    print(a.get('href'))

    p = row.find(name='p')

    print(p.text)

    li_img= row.find(name='img')

    src= li_img.get('src')

    file_name = src.rsplit('__',maxsplit=1)[1]

    ret_img = requests.get('https:'+src)

    with open(file_name,'wb') as f:

        f.write(ret_img.content)

抽屉实例

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# 第一次访问返回未授权的cookie值

ret1 = requests.get(

    url='https://dig.chouti.com/',

    headers={

        'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36'

    })

ret1_cookies = ret1.cookies.get_dict()

# 登录成功之后cookie值已经授权

ret = requests.post(

    url='https://dig.chouti.com/login',

    data={

        'phone':'',

        'password':'wo3384451',

        'oneMonth':''

    },

    headers={

        'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36'

    },

    cookies = ret1_cookies,

)

for num_page in range(2,10):

    ret_index= requests.get(url='https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/%s'%(num_page),

                            headers={

                                'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36'

                            },

                            )

    soup = BeautifulSoup(ret_index.text,'html.parser')

    div = soup.find(name='div',id='content-list')

    item_list = div.find_all(attrs={'class':'part2'})

    for item in item_list:

        num = item.get('share-linkid')

    # 此时带着已经授权的cookie值去点赞

        ret3 = requests.post(

            url='https://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s'%(num),

            # data={'linksId':'%s'%(num)},

            headers={

                'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36'

            },

            cookies = ret1_cookies

        )

        print(ret3.text)

Github实例

import requests

import re

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

class Github(object):

    def __init__(self,username=None,passward=None):

        self.username=username

        self.passward=passward

        self.all_cookies={}

        self.process()

    def process(self):

        if not (self.username and self.passward):

            raise Exception('请输入用户名和密码')

        self.get_login_key()

    def get_login_key(self):

        # 获取authenticity_token

        login_result = requests.get(

            url='https://github.com/login',

            headers={

                'Host': 'github.com',

            }

        )

        auth_key =BS4xpath.get_auth_key(login_result.text)

        self.all_cookies = login_result.cookies.get_dict()

        self.login(auth_key)

    def login(self,auth_key):

        # 登录获取已经登录的cookies

        login_result = requests.post(

            url='https://github.com/session',

            headers={

                'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '',

                'Host': 'github.com',

            },

            data={

                'utf8': '✓',

                'authenticity_token':auth_key,

                'login': self.username,

                'password': self.passward,

                'commit': 'Sign in'

            },

            cookies=self.all_cookies

        )

        self.all_cookies.update(login_result.cookies.get_dict())

        if self.all_cookies['logged_in']=='no':

            raise Exception('用户名或密码错误')

    def get_msg(self):

        msg_obj = requests.get(

            url='https://github.com/settings/profile',

            headers={

                'Host': 'github.com',

                'Referer': 'https://github.com/',

            },

            cookies=self.all_cookies

        )

        msg=BS4xpath.get_msg_dict(msg_obj.text)

        return msg

class BS4xpath(object):

    @classmethod

    def get_auth_key(self,text):

        soup = BeautifulSoup(text,'html.parser')

        auth_key=soup.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value')

        return auth_key

    @classmethod

    def get_msg_dict(self,text):

        response = {}

        ret2_data = BeautifulSoup(text,'html.parser')

        div = ret2_data.find(name='div', attrs={'class': "column two-thirds"})

        dl_list = div.find_all(name='dl', attrs={'class': "form-group"})

        for row in dl_list:

            rowname = row.find('label').text

            dd_input = row.find('input')

            if dd_input:

                response[rowname] = dd_input.get('value')

        return response

obj = Github(username='a3384451',passward='wo3384451')

ret = obj.get_msg()

print(ret)

拉勾网实例

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import re

import requests

all_cookie = {}

# ############### 1. 查看登录页面 ###############

r1 = requests.get(

    url='https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

    headers={

        'Host': 'passport.lagou.com',

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    }

)

all_cookie.update(r1.cookies.get_dict())

X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall(r"window.X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall(r"window.X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

# ############### 2. 用户名密码登录 ###############

r2 = requests.post(

    url='https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',

    headers={

        'Host': 'passport.lagou.com',

        'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,

        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,

        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36',

        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',

    },

    data={

        'isValidate': True,

        'username': '',

        'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915cc22c0d',

        'request_form_verifyCode': '',

        'submit': '',

    },

    cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()

)

all_cookie.update(r2.cookies.get_dict())

# ############### 3. 用户授权 ###############

r3 = requests.get(

    url='https://passport.lagou.com/grantServiceTicket/grant.html',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    allow_redirects=False,

    cookies=all_cookie

)

all_cookie.update(r3.cookies.get_dict())

# ############### 4. 用户认证 ###############

r4 = requests.get(

    url=r3.headers['Location'],

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    allow_redirects=False,

    cookies=all_cookie

)

all_cookie.update(r4.cookies.get_dict())

r5 = requests.get(

    url=r4.headers['Location'],

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    allow_redirects=False,

    cookies=all_cookie

)

all_cookie.update(r5.cookies.get_dict())

r6 = requests.get(

    url=r5.headers['Location'],

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    allow_redirects=False,

    cookies=all_cookie

)

all_cookie.update(r6.cookies.get_dict())

r7 = requests.get(

    url=r6.headers['Location'],

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    allow_redirects=False,

    cookies=all_cookie

)

all_cookie.update(r7.cookies.get_dict())

# ############### 5. 查看个人页面 ###############

r5 = requests.get(

    url='https://www.lagou.com/resume/myresume.html',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36'

    },

    cookies=all_cookie

)

print('武沛齐' in r5.text)

# ############### 6. 查看 ###############

r6 = requests.get(

    url='https://gate.lagou.com/v1/neirong/account/users/0/',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36',

        'X-L-REQ-HEADER': "{deviceType:1}",

        'Origin': 'https://account.lagou.com',

        'Host': 'gate.lagou.com',

    },

    cookies=all_cookie

)

r6_json = r6.json()

all_cookie.update(r6.cookies.get_dict())

# ############### 7. 修改个人信息 ###############

r7 = requests.put(

    url='https://gate.lagou.com/v1/neirong/account/users/0/',

    headers={

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36',

        'Origin': 'https://account.lagou.com',

        'Host': 'gate.lagou.com',

        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': r6_json['submitCode'],

        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': r6_json['submitToken'],

        'X-L-REQ-HEADER': "{deviceType:1}",

    },

    cookies=all_cookie,

    json={"userName": "wupeiqi888", "sex": "MALE", "portrait": "images/myresume/default_headpic.png",

          "positionName": '...', "introduce": '....'}

)

print(r7.text)

防止xss攻击

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

class XSSFilter(object):

    __instance = None

    def __init__(self):        # XSS白名单

        self.valid_tags = {

            "font": ['color', 'size', 'face', 'style'],

            'b': [],

            'div': [],

            "span": [],

            "table": [

                'border', 'cellspacing', 'cellpadding'

            ],

            'th': [

                'colspan', 'rowspan'

            ],

            'td': [

                'colspan', 'rowspan'

            ],

            "a": ['href', 'target', 'name'],

            "img": ['src', 'alt', 'title'],

            'p': ['align'],

            "pre": ['class'],

            "hr": ['class'],

            'strong': []

        }

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

        if not cls.__instance:

            obj = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)

            cls.__instance = obj

        return cls.__instance

    def process(self, content):

        soup = BeautifulSoup(content, 'html.parser')        # 遍历所有HTML标签

        for tag in soup.find_all():        # 判断标签名是否在白名单中

            if tag.name not in self.valid_tags:

                tag.hidden = True

                if tag.name not in ['html', 'body']:

                    tag.hidden = True

                    tag.clear()

                continue                    # 当前标签的所有属性白名单

            attr_rules = self.valid_tags[tag.name]

            keys = list(tag.attrs.keys())

            for key in keys:

                if key not in attr_rules:

                    del tag[key]

        return soup.decode()                    #这里返回的就是过滤完的内容

content="""

<p class='c1' id='i1'>

   asdfaa<span style="font-family:NSimSun;" class='c1'>sdf<a>a</a>sdf</span>sdf

</p>

<p>

   <strong class='c2' id='i2'>asdf</strong>

   <script>alert(123)</script>

</p>

<h2>

   asdf

</h2>

"""

content = XSSFilter().process(content)

print('content',content)

总结:

  1. 如果爬取的网站有反爬措施,请求里模仿浏览器发给服务器端
  2. 如果需要需要携带信息过去的
    1. 去服务器返回的内容里找.如果有将他格式化成字典或其他保存在session
    2. 看到159900098这样格式的一般都是时间戳,但是位数需要自己 观察
    3. 如果服务器返回的内容里没有key,那么去html或者js找相应的数据
    4. 可能下一次的操作需要携带着上一次服务器发过来的key或其他
  3. 状态码:
    1. 3开头的状态码是自动跳转.在自动跳转的时候可能进行cookies认证
    2. 注意Response request 里的set-cookies参数

　　

参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html

官方文档:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

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