k8s-YAML配置文件(转)

时间:2024-01-09 18:16:20

转自http://www.cnblogs.com/bigberg/p/9203619.html

一、YAML基础

  YAML是专门用来写配置文件的语言,非常简洁和强大,使用比json更方便。它实质上是一种通用的数据串行化格式。

YAML语法规则:

  • 大小写敏感
  • 使用缩进表示层级关系
  • 缩进时不允许使用Tal键,只允许使用空格
  • 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
  • ”#” 表示注释,从这个字符一直到行尾,都会被解析器忽略  

在Kubernetes中,只需要知道两种结构类型即可:

  • Lists
  • Maps

  1.1 YAML Maps

  Map顾名思义指的是字典,即一个Key:Value 的键值对信息。例如:  

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod

  

 注:---为可选的分隔符 ,当需要在一个文件中定义多个结构的时候需要使用。上述内容表示有两个键apiVersion和kind,分别对应的值为v1和Pod。

  Maps的value既能够对应字符串也能够对应一个Maps。例如:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100-site
labels:
app: web

  

 注:上述的YAML文件中,metadata这个KEY对应的值为一个Maps,而嵌套的labels这个KEY的值又是一个Map。实际使用中可视情况进行多层嵌套。

  YAML处理器根据行缩进来知道内容之间的关联。上述例子中,使用两个空格作为缩进,但空格的数据量并不重要,只是至少要求一个空格并且所有缩进保持一致的空格数 。例如,name和labels是相同缩进级别,因此YAML处理器知道他们属于同一map;它知道app是lables的值因为app的缩进更大。

  注意:在YAML文件中绝对不要使用tab键

  1.2 YAML Lists

  List即列表,说白了就是数组,例如:

args
-beijing
-shanghai
-shenzhen
-guangzhou

  

可以指定任何数量的项在列表中,每个项的定义以破折号(-)开头,并且与父元素之间存在缩进。在JSON格式中,表示如下:

{
"args": ["beijing", "shanghai", "shenzhen", "guangzhou"]
}

  

当然Lists的子项也可以是Maps,Maps的子项也可以是List,例如:  

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100-site
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- name: front-end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: flaskapp-demo
image: jcdemo/flaskapp
ports: 8080

  

 如上述文件所示,定义一个containers的List对象,每个子项都由name、image、ports组成,每个ports都有一个KEY为containerPort的Map组成,转成JSON格式文件: 

{
"apiVersion": "v1",
"kind": "Pod",
"metadata": {
"name": "kube100-site",
"labels": {
"app": "web"
}, },
"spec": {
"containers": [{
"name": "front-end",
"image": "nginx",
"ports": [{
"containerPort": "80"
}]
}, {
"name": "flaskapp-demo",
"image": "jcdemo/flaskapp",
"ports": [{
"containerPort": "5000"
}]
}]
}
}

  

二、说明

  • 定义配置时,指定最新稳定版API
  • 配置文件应该存储在集群之外的版本控制仓库中。如果需要,可以快速回滚配置、重新创建和恢复
  • 应该使用YAML格式编写配置文件,而不是json。YAML对用户更加友好
  • 可以将相关对象组合成单个文件,通常会更容易管理
  • 不要没必要指定默认值,简单和最小配置减小错误
  • 在注释中说明一个对象描述更好维护

三、使用YAML创建Pod 

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kube100-site
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- name: front-end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: flaskapp-demo
image: jcdemo/flaskapp
ports:
- containerPort: 5000 

  

  • apiVersion:此处值是v1,这个版本号需要根据安装的Kubernetes版本和资源类型进行变化,记住不是写死的。
  • kind:此处创建的是Pod,根据实际情况,此处资源类型可以是Deployment、Job、Ingress、Service等。
  • metadata:包含Pod的一些meta信息,比如名称、namespace、标签等信息。
  • spe:包括一些container,storage,volume以及其他Kubernetes需要的参数,以及诸如是否在容器失败时重新启动容器的属性。可在特定Kubernetes API找到完整的Kubernetes Pod的属性。

  (1)查看apiVersion 

# kubectl api-versions
admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1
apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1
apiregistration.k8s.io/v1
apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1
apps/v1
apps/v1beta1
apps/v1beta2
authentication.k8s.io/v1
authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
authorization.k8s.io/v1
authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
autoscaling/v1
autoscaling/v2beta1
batch/v1
batch/v1beta1
certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1
events.k8s.io/v1beta1
extensions/v1beta1
networking.k8s.io/v1
policy/v1beta1
rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
storage.k8s.io/v1
storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
v1

  

(2)下面是一个典型的容器定义:


spec:
containers:
- name: front-end
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80

  

  • 上述例子只是一个简单的最小定义:一个名字(front-end)、基于nginx的镜像,以及容器将会监听的指定端口号(80)。

  • 除了上述的基本属性外,还能够指定复杂的属性,包括容器启动运行的命令、使用的参数、工作目录以及每次实例化是否拉取新的副本。 还可以指定更深入的信息,例如容器的退出日志的位置。容器可选的设置属性包括:

    name、image、command、args、workingDir、ports、env、resource、volumeMounts、livenessProbe、readinessProbe、livecycle、terminationMessagePath、imagePullPolicy、securityContext、stdin、stdinOnce、tty

  (3)kubectl创建Pod 

# kubectl create -f test_pod.yaml
pod "kube100-site" created

  

(4)查看Pod状态

# kubectl get pod

NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube100-site 2/2 Running 0 2m

  

四、创建Deployment

  名词解释 

#test-pod
apiVersion: v1 #指定api版本,此值必须在kubectl apiversion中
kind: Pod #指定创建资源的角色/类型
metadata: #资源的元数据/属性
name: test-pod #资源的名字,在同一个namespace中必须唯一
labels: #设定资源的标签
k8s-app: apache
version: v1
kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"
annotations: #自定义注解列表
- name: String #自定义注解名字
spec: #specification of the resource content 指定该资源的内容
restartPolicy: Always #表明该容器一直运行,默认k8s的策略,在此容器退出后,会立即创建一个相同的容器
nodeSelector: #节点选择,先给主机打标签kubectl label nodes kube-node1 zone=node1
zone: node1
containers:
- name: test-pod #容器的名字
image: 10.192.21.18:5000/test/chat:latest #容器使用的镜像地址
imagePullPolicy: Never #三个选择Always、Never、IfNotPresent,每次启动时检查和更新(从registery)images的策略,
# Always,每次都检查
# Never,每次都不检查(不管本地是否有)
# IfNotPresent,如果本地有就不检查,如果没有就拉取
command: ['sh'] #启动容器的运行命令,将覆盖容器中的Entrypoint,对应Dockefile中的ENTRYPOINT
args: ["$(str)"] #启动容器的命令参数,对应Dockerfile中CMD参数
env: #指定容器中的环境变量
- name: str #变量的名字
value: "/etc/run.sh" #变量的值
resources: #资源管理
requests: #容器运行时,最低资源需求,也就是说最少需要多少资源容器才能正常运行
cpu: 0.1 #CPU资源(核数),两种方式,浮点数或者是整数+m,0.1=100m,最少值为0.001核(1m)
memory: 32Mi #内存使用量
limits: #资源限制
cpu: 0.5
memory: 1000Mi
ports:
- containerPort: 80 #容器开发对外的端口
name: httpd #名称
protocol: TCP
livenessProbe: #pod内容器健康检查的设置
httpGet: #通过httpget检查健康,返回200-399之间,则认为容器正常
path: / #URI地址
port: 80
#host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址
scheme: HTTP
initialDelaySeconds: 180 #表明第一次检测在容器启动后多长时间后开始
timeoutSeconds: 5 #检测的超时时间
periodSeconds: 15 #检查间隔时间
#也可以用这种方法
#exec: 执行命令的方法进行监测,如果其退出码不为0,则认为容器正常
# command:
# - cat
# - /tmp/health
#也可以用这种方法
#tcpSocket: //通过tcpSocket检查健康
# port: number
lifecycle: #生命周期管理
postStart: #容器运行之前运行的任务
exec:
command:
- 'sh'
- 'yum upgrade -y'
preStop:#容器关闭之前运行的任务
exec:
command: ['service httpd stop']
volumeMounts: #挂载持久存储卷
- name: volume #挂载设备的名字,与volumes[*].name 需要对应
mountPath: /data #挂载到容器的某个路径下
readOnly: True
volumes: #定义一组挂载设备
- name: volume #定义一个挂载设备的名字
#meptyDir: {}
hostPath:
path: /opt #挂载设备类型为hostPath,路径为宿主机下的/opt,这里设备类型支持很多种
#nfs

  

(1)创建一个yaml文件

apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.10
ports:
- containerPort: 80

  

(2)创建deployment

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" created
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj 1/1 Running 0 2m 10.20.184.83 master-01
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm 1/1 Running 0 2m 10.20.190.60 node-01
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t 1/1 Running 0 2m 10.20.254.108 node-03
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get deployment
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-deployment 3 3 3 3 2m

  

(3)查看标签

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod --show-labels
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj 1/1 Running 0 3m app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm 1/1 Running 0 3m app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t 1/1 Running 0 3m app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360

  

(4)通过标签查找Pod

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -l app=nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj 1/1 Running 0 6m
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm 1/1 Running 0 6m
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t 1/1 Running 0 6m

  

  (5)deployment创建过程

  Deployment 管理的是replicaset-controller,RC会创建Pod。Pod自身会下载镜像并启动镜像 

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe rs nginx-deployment
...
...
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
Normal SuccessfulCreate 33m replicaset-controller Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj ...
...
...
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 36m default-scheduler Successfully assigned nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj to master-01
Normal SuccessfulMountVolume 36m kubelet, master-01 MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-v5vw9"
Normal Pulled 36m kubelet, master-01 Container image "nginx:1.10" already present on machine
Normal Created 36m kubelet, master-01 Created container
Normal Started 36m kubelet, master-01 Started container

  

(6)升级镜像(nginx1.10-->nginx1.11)

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl set image deploy/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.11
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" image updated [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl exec -it nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf bash
root@nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf:/# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.11.13

  

  升级镜像的过程是逐步进行的,pod不会一下子全部关闭,而是一个一个升级

  (7)查看发布状态  

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  

(8)查看deployment历史修订版本

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
1 <none>
2 <none> # 显示历史有两个版本 [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=1
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #1
Pod Template:
Labels: app=nginx
pod-template-hash=2636081360
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx:1.10
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none> [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=2
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #2
Pod Template:
Labels: app=nginx
pod-template-hash=65275387
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx:1.11
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none>

  

(8)编辑deployment

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl edit deploy/nginx-deployment

# 将nginx版本改为1.12
...
...
...
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:1.12
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80

  

升级过程:

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  

(10)扩容/缩容(指定--replicas的数量) 

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr 1/1 Running 0 1m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978 1/1 Running 0 1m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl 1/1 Running 0 1m
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl scale deploy/nginx-deployment --replicas=5
deployment.extensions "nginx-deployment" scaled
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-6r5dz 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 4s
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-7sjtt 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 4s
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr 1/1 Running 0 2m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978 1/1 Running 0 2m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl 1/1 Running 0 2m

    

(11)创建Service提供对外访问的接口

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-service
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 88
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: nginx ####
apiVersion: 指定版本 kind: 类型 name: 指定服务名称 labels: 标签 port: Service 服务暴露的端口 targetPort: 容器暴露的端口 seletor: 关联的Pod的标签

  

  创建service

# kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

  

  查看service(访问Pod是有负载均衡的)

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get svc/nginx-service
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx-service ClusterIP 10.254.131.176 <none> 88/TCP 1m # curl 10.254.131.176:88
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p> <p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p> <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

  

  对service的描述 

# kubectl describe svc/nginx-service
Name: nginx-service
Namespace: default
Labels: app=nginx
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app=nginx
Type: ClusterIP
IP: 10.254.131.176
Port: <unset> 88/TCP
TargetPort: 80/TCP
Endpoints: 10.20.184.19:80,10.20.184.84:80,10.20.190.62:80 + 2 more...
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none

  

  (12)回滚到以前的版本 

# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
1 <none>
2 <none>
3 <none> # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=3
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #3
Pod Template:
Labels: app=nginx
pod-template-hash=2603790434
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx:1.12
Port: 80/TCP
Host Port: 0/TCP
Environment: <none>
Mounts: <none>
Volumes: <none> # 回滚到上一个版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" # 查看版本
# kubectl describe deploy/nginx-deployment
...
...
Labels: app=nginx
Containers:
nginx:
Image: nginx:1.11

  

 (13)回滚到指定版本
# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
1 <none>
3 <none>
4 <none> # 指定版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment --to-revision=1
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"