Django Ubuntu部署:nginx + uWSGI配置

时间:2022-03-13 20:44:43

接着,Ubuntu部署Django项目(1)-基本功能实现,我们在Ubuntu服务器上建立起django应用。

1、新建DJANGO工程及APP

#进入Ubuntu->home目录
django-admin.py startproject mysite # 建立名为mysite的projuect
python3 manage.py startapp polls # 进入mysite目录,建立名为polls的APP

2、基于uWSGI和nginx部署Django

通信原理

the web client <-> the web server(nginx) <-> the socket <-> uwsgi <-> Django

基本测试

测试uWSGI是否正常
在django项目的根目录下创建test.py文件,添加源码如下:

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
# return ["Hello World"] # python2
return [b"Hello World"] # python3

然后,Run uWSGI:

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

#参数含义:
#http :8000: 使用http协议,8000端口
#wsgi-file test.py: 加载指定文件 test.py

打开url,浏览器上应该显示hello world,如果显示正确,说明下面3个环节是通畅的:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Python

3、测试Django项目是否正常

python3 manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

如果能够正常访问,那么可以测试uwsgi.

4、通过django的wsgi启动
wsgi.py 在mysite project工程下的同名目录下。
在本环境下,目录为home->mysite->mysite->wsgi.py

#wsgi.py代码如下:
import os
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mysite.settings")

from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
application = get_wsgi_application()

如果没问题,使用uWSGI把project拉起来

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi

如果project能够正常被拉起,说明以下环节是通的:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Django

5、配置nginx
安装nginx完成后,如果能正常打开http://hostname,说明下面环节是通畅的:

the web client <-> the web server

6、增加nginx配置
将uwsgi_params文件拷贝到项目文件夹下。uwsgi_params文件在/etc/nginx/目录下,也可以从这个页面下载
在项目文件夹下创建文件mysite_nginx.conf,填入并修改下面内容:

# mysite_nginx.conf

# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
# server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
# configuration of the server
server {
# the port your site will be served on
listen 8000;
# the domain name it will serve for
server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
charset utf-8;

# max upload size
client_max_body_size 75M; # adjust to taste

# Django media
location /media {
alias /home/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required
}

location /static {
alias /home/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
}

# Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
location / {
uwsgi_pass django;
include /home/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
}
}

这个configuration文件告诉nginx从文件系统中拉起media和static文件作为服务,同时相应django的request

在/etc/nginx/sites-enabled目录下创建本文件的连接,使nginx能够使用它:

sudo ln -nfs /home/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

7、部署static文件
在django的setting文件中,添加下面一行内容:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

然后运行:

python3 manage.py collectstatic

8、测试nginx
首先重启nginx服务:

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

然后检查media文件是否已经正常拉起:
在目录/path/to/your/project/media directory下添加文件meida.png,然后访问http://example.com:8000/media/media.png ,成功后进行下一步测试。

9、nginx and uWSGI and test.py
执行下面代码测试能否让nginx在页面上显示hello, world

uwsgi --socket :8001 --wsgi-file test.py

访问http://example.com:8000 ,如果显示hello world,则下面环节是否通畅:

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uWSGI <-> Python

用UNIX socket取代TCP port
对mysite_nginx.conf做如下修改:

server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
# server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

重启nginx,并在此运行uWSGI

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py

打开 http://example.com:8000/ ,看看是否成功
如果没有成功:
检查 nginx error log(/var/log/nginx/error.log)。如果错误如下:

connect() to unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock failed (13: Permission
denied)

添加socket权限再次运行:

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=666 # (very permissive)

Running the Django application with uswgi and nginx
如果上面一切都显示正常,则下面命令可以拉起django application

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --module mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=666

Configuring uWSGI to run with a .ini file
每次都运行上面命令拉起django application实在麻烦,使用.ini文件能简化工作,方法如下:
在application目录下创建文件mysite_uwsgi.ini,填入并修改下面内容:

# mysite_uwsgi.ini file
[uwsgi]

# Django-related settings
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /path/to/your/project
# Django's wsgi file
module = project.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home = /path/to/virtualenv

# process-related settings
# master
master = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
socket = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
# chmod-socket = 664
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true

现在,只要执行以下命令,就能够拉起django application:

uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file