目录
一、 About -- Saying what a text is about 描述文章的内容
二、 According to -- Reporting someone\'s opinion 陈述某人的观点
三、 Addition -- Adding another item 补充说明
四、 Argue -- Verbs for reporting an opinion 陈述观点的动词
五、 Because of -- Explaining reasons 解释原因
六、 Cause -- X causes Y * X 导致 Y
七、 Conclusion -- Summing up an argument 总结论点
八、 Consequently -- Describing the effect of something 描述某事的影响
九、 Contrast -- Highlighting differences 突出差异／不同
十、 Define -- Defining terms 为术语下定义
十一、 e.g. -- Giving examples 举例
十二、 Emphasis -- Highlighting an important point 强调重点
十三、 Evidence -- Giving proof 提供证据
十四、 Except -- Making an exception 说明例外的情况
十五、 Expect -- Discussing predictions 谈论预测
十六、 Fall -- Describing a decrease 描述下降
十七、 First -- Ordering your points 梳理要点
十八、 Generally -- Ways of saying ‘in general’ “通常”的表达方式
十九、 However -- Ways of saying ‘but’ “但是”的表达方式
二十、 i.e. -- Explaining what you mean 解释意思
二十一、 Illustrate -- Referring to a chart, graph or table 描述图或表
二十二、 Impersonal -- Giving opinions using impersonal language 用客观的语言发表意见
二十三、 Increase -- Describing an increase 描述增长
二十四、 Nevertheless -- Conceding a point and making a counter-argument 承认一个观点的正确性，并提出一个对立的观点
二十五、 Opinion -- Giving your personal opinion 表达个人意见
二十六、 Perhaps -- Making an opinion sound less definite 以不确定的语气表达意见
二十七、 Process -- Describing a process 描述过程
二十八、 Proportion -- Describing fractions and proportions 描述分数和份额
二十九、 Similarly -- Making comparisons 进行比较
三十、 Surprising -- Highlighting interesting data 强调有趣的数据
三十一、 Therefore -- Ways of saying ‘For this reason…’“因此”的种种表达方法
三十二、 Vital -- Saying that something is necessary 表达某事是必要的
一、About -- Saying what a text is about 描述文章的内容
The book is about homeless people in the cities. 这本书写的是城市中无家可归的人们。
The report deals with the issue of homelessness in London. 这篇报道是关于伦敦的无家可归问题。
The writer discusses the problems faced by homeless people. 作者讨论了无家可归者面临的种种问题。
The article presents an overview of the issues surrounding homelessness. 这篇文章概述了有关无家可归的种种问题。
The novel explores the theme of friendship among homeless people. 这部小说探究了无家可归者之间的友谊这个主题。
The first chapter examines the relationship between homelessness and drug addiction. 第一章考察了无家可归与吸毒成瘾之间的关系。
The paper considers the question of why so many young people become homeless. 这篇论文论述了为何如此多的年轻人变得无家可归的问题。
二、according to -- Reporting someone\'s opinion 陈述某人的观点
Photography is, according to Vidal, the art form of untalented people. 据维达尔所言，摄影是没有天赋的人的艺术形式。
For Vidal, photography is the art form of untalented people. 对维达尔来说，摄影是没有天赋的人的艺术形式。
His view is that photography is not art but merely the mechanical reproduction of images. 他的观点是摄影不是艺术，而只是机械地复制图像。
Smith takes the view that photography is both an art and a science. 史密斯所持的观点是：摄影既是一门艺术也是一门科学。
In Brown\'s view, photography should be treated as a legitimate art in its own right. 在布朗看来，摄影本身就应该被视为一种正当的艺术。
James is of the opinion that a good painter can always be a good photographer if he or she so decides. 詹姆斯认为一个好的画家定能成为一个好的摄影师，只要他／她一心这样做。
Emerson believed that a photograph should only reflect what the human eye can see. 埃默森认为照片应该只是反映人们肉眼所能见到的东西。
三、Addition -- Adding another item 补充说明
Bilingual children do better in IQ tests than children who speak only one language. In addition / What is more, they seem to find it easier to learn third or even fourth languages. 讲两种语言的儿童比只讲一种语言的儿童智商测试得分更高。此外／而且，讲两种语言的儿童似乎在学习第三种甚至第四种语言时觉得更容易。
Learning another language not only improves children\'s job prospects in later life, but also boosts their self-esteem. 学习另一种语言不仅可以提升儿童未来的职业前景，而且可以增强他们的自尊心。
Teaching children a second language improves their job prospects in later life. Other benefits include increased self-esteem and greater tolerance of other cultures. 教儿童第二语言可以提升他们未来的职业前景。此外，还可以使他们获得更强的自尊心、对其他文化更包容。
Another / One further / One additional reason for encouraging bilingual education is that it boosts children\'s self-esteem. 另一个鼓励双语教育的原因是它能增强儿童的自尊心。
Studies suggest that bilingual children find it easier to learn additional languages. There is, moreover, increasing evidence that bilingual children perform better across a range of school subjects, not just foreign languages. 研究表明，讲两种语言的儿童学习其他语言觉得更容易。此外，越来越多的证据表明，讲两种语言的儿童不仅在外语学习上，同时在其他各门学科的学习上都表现得更好。
His claim that children find bilingual education confusing is based on very little evidence. Moreover, the evidence he does provide is seriously flawed. 他认为双语教育会使儿童感到迷惑的说法几乎是没有依据的。况且，他仅有的证据也是有严重缺陷的。
Research has shown that first-language development is not impeded by exposure to a second language. Furthermore, there is no evidence to support the claim that children find bilingual education confusing. 研究已经表明，接触第二语言不会妨碍第一语言的发展。而且，没有证据支持双语教育使儿童感到迷惑这种说法。
四、Argue -- Verbs for reporting an opinion 陈述观点的动词
Some critics argue that Picasso remained a great master all his life. 一些评论家认为毕加索毕生都是一位大师。
Others maintain that there is a significant deterioration in quality in his post-war work. 其他人坚称他战后的作品质量明显下降。
Picasso himself claimed that good art is created, but great art is stolen. 毕加索自己声称，好的艺术是创造出来的，伟大的艺术却是偷来的。
As Smith has noted, Picasso borrowed imagery from African art. 正如史密斯所述，毕加索借用了非洲艺术的意象。
As the author points out, Picasso borrowed imagery from African art. 正如作者指出的那样，毕加索借用了非洲艺术的意象。
The writer challenges the notion that Picasso\'s sculpture was secondary to his painting. 作者对这种观点表示质疑，即毕加索的雕塑不及他的绘画。
It has been suggested that Picasso\'s painting was influenced by jazz music. 据说毕加索的绘画受到爵士乐的影响。
五、because of -- Explaining reasons 解释原因
The number of people with diabetes is growing, partly because of an increase in levels of obesity. 患糖尿病的人数不断上升，部分原因是肥胖人数增加。
The number of overweight children has increased dramatically in recent years, largely as a result of changes in diet and lifestyle. 近年来肥胖儿童的数量急剧上升，很大程度上是由饮食和生活方式的改变引起的。
The increase in childhood obesity is largely due to / the result of changes in lifestyle and diet over the last twenty years. 肥胖儿童人数的增多主要是过去二十年来饮食和生活方式的改变所致。
Many obese children are bullied at school on account of their weight. 许多肥胖儿童因为其体重问题在学校受到欺负。
Part of the problem with treating childhood obesity stems from the fact that parents do not always recognize that their children are obese. 治疗肥胖儿童的困难部分源自父母有时并不认为自己的孩子肥胖。
Childhood obesity may be caused by genetic factors, as well as environmental ones. 儿童肥胖既可能由环境因素引起，也可能是遗传因素所致。
六、Cause -- X causes Y * X 导致 Y
Childhood obesity can cause / lead to long-term health problems. 儿童肥胖可能导致长期的健康问题。
Changes in lifestyle and diet over the last twenty years have caused / led to / resulted in a sharp increase in childhood obesity. 过去二十年生活方式及饮食的变化导致肥胖儿童数量急剧上升。
Several factors, including changes in diet and lifestyle, have contributed to the increase in childhood obesity. 包括饮食及生活方式变化在内的多个因素促使肥胖儿童数量增加。
Research suggests that fast food and soft drinks directly contribute to childhood obesity. 研究表明快餐和软饮料会直接导致儿童肥胖。
Genetics, lifestyle and diet are all important factors in cases of childhood obesity. 基因、生活方式和饮食都是造成儿童肥胖的重要因素。
Even small changes in lifestyle and diet can bring about significant weight loss. 甚至生活方式及饮食的细微变化都可能带来明显的体重下降。
七、Conclusion -- Summing up an argument 总结论点
In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people\'s perception of crime. 综上所述，本研究为人们对犯罪活动的认识问题提供了有益的见解。
Based on this study, it can be concluded that the introduction of new street lighting did not reduce reported crime. 基于这项研究可以得出这样的结论：增加街道照明设备并没有使犯罪案件报案数量减少。
To sum up, no evidence can be found to support the view that improved street lighting reduces reported crime. 总而言之，没有证据表明街道照明的改进能使犯罪案件报案数量减少。
The available evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the media do have an influence on the public perception of crime. 现有证据显然可以得出这一结论：公众对犯罪活动的认识确实受到媒体的影响。
The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that public perception of crime is significantly influenced by crime news reporting. 本研究可以得出的一个主要结论是：公众对犯罪活动的认识受到犯罪新闻报道的很大影响。
This study has shown that people\'s fear of crime is out of all proportion to crime itself. 本研究表明，人们对犯罪活动的恐惧与犯罪活动本身并不相称。
Fear of crime is out of all proportion to the actual level of crime, and the reasons for this can be summarized as follows. First… 对犯罪活动的恐惧与实际犯罪水平并不相称，其原因可归结为以下几点。第一，…
Overall / In general, women are more likely than men to feel insecure walking alone after dark. 一般情况下，天黑后独自行走，女人比男人更容易感到不安全。
八、Consequently -- Describing the effect of something 描述某事的影响
One consequence of changes in diet over recent years has been a dramatic increase in cases of childhood obesity. 近年来饮食变化带来的一个结果是儿童肥胖人数急剧上升。
Many parents today do not have time to cook healthy meals for their children. Consequently / As a consequence, many children grow up eating too much junk food. 现在许多家长没有时间给孩子做健康的饭菜，结果造成许多孩子在成长过程中吃过多的垃圾食品。
Many children spend their free time watching TV instead of playing outside. As a result, more and more of them are becoming overweight. 许多孩子把他们的闲暇时间都花在看电视上，而不是进行户外活动，从而导致越来越多的孩子变得肥胖。
Last year junk food was banned in schools. The effect of this has been to create a black market in the playground, with pupils bringing sweets from home to sell to other pupils. 去年学校禁售垃圾食品，结果是学校操场上出现了垃圾食品的黑市交易，有的学生把从家里带来的甜食卖给其他学生。
九、Contrast -- Highlighting differences 突出差异／不同
This survey highlights a number of differences in the way that teenage boys and girls in the UK spend their free time. 这项民意测验凸显出英国十几岁的男孩和女孩在打发闲暇时间上的诸多不同。
One of the main differences between the girls and the boys who took part in the research was the way in which they use the Internet. 参与了这项研究的女生和男生之间的主要差异之一在于他们使用互联网的方式。
Unlike the girls, who use the Internet mainly to keep in touch with friends, the boys questioned in this survey tend to use the Internet for playing computer games. 女生使用互联网主要是和朋友联系，这一点和男生不同，参与调查的男生往往是使用互联网来玩电脑游戏。
The girls differ from the boys in that they tend to spend more time keeping in touch with friends on the telephone or on social networking websites. 与男生不同的是，女生往往花更多的时间通过电话或社交网站与朋友保持联系。
Compared to the boys, the girls spend much more time chatting to friends on the telephone. 与男生相比，女生花在与朋友电话聊天上的时间要多得多。
On average the girls spend four hours a week chatting to friends on the phone. In contrast, very few of the boys spend more than five minutes a day talking to their friends in this way. 女生平均每周花四个小时与朋友电话聊天。相比之下，很少有男生每天以这种方式与朋友聊天五分钟以上。
The boys prefer competitive sports and computer games, whereas / while the girls seem to enjoy more cooperative activities, such as shopping with friends. 男生更喜欢竞技性体育运动和电脑游戏，而女生似乎更喜欢合作性活动，比如与朋友一起购物。
When the girls go shopping, they mainly buy clothes and cosmetics. The boys, on the other hand, tend to purchase computer games or gadgets. 女生购物时主要买衣服和化妆品，而男生往往会买电脑游戏或小器具。
十、Define -- Defining terms 为术语下定义
It is important to clarify what is meant by climate change. 说清楚“气候变化”的含义很重要。
Climate change can / may be defined as ‘the long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind and other aspects of the earth\'s climate’. 气候变化可以被定义为“地球气候在温度、降水量、风力及其他方面的长期波动”。
A generally accepted definition of global warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth\'s atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. 对于全球变暖，普遍接受的一种定义是：由于受到温室效应的影响，地球大气层总体温度逐渐上升。
The greenhouse effect is defined by the author as the process by which heat from the sun is trapped in the earth\'s atmosphere, causing the temperature of the earth to rise. 作者将温室效应定义为：地球大气层锁住来自太阳的热量，导致地球温度上升的过程。
The author uses the term climate change to refer to any significant change in measures of climate lasting for an extended period. 作者使用“气候变化”这个术语来指代任何持续较长时间的气候的显著变化。
The term ‘carbon footprint’ refers to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of an individual or organization. “碳足迹”这个术语指的是由于个人或组织的活动排放到大气层中的二氧化碳的量。
Scientists suggest that increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will result in an increase in global temperatures, and the term ‘global warming’ is used to describe this phenomenon. 科学家认为大气层中二氧化碳的增加会导致全球气温上升，“全球变暖”这个术语就是用来描述这种现象的。
十一、 e.g. -- Giving examples 举例
The website has a variety of interactive exercises (e.g. matching games, crosswords and quizzes). 这个网站有各种各样的互动练习（比如：配对游戏、纵横填字游戏和智力测试）。
The website has a variety of interactive exercises, including matching games, crosswords and quizzes. 这个网站有各种各样的互动练习，包括配对游戏、纵横填字游戏和智力测试。
Web 2.0 technologies, such as wikis, blogs and social networking sites, have changed the way that people use the Internet. * Web 2.0 技术，比如维基、博客及社交网站，改变了人们使用互联网的方式。
Many websites now allow users to contribute information. A good example of this is the ‘wiki’, a type of website that anyone can edit. 现在许多网站都允许用户撰写信息。维基就是一个很好的例子，它是一种任何人都可以编辑的网站。
Wikis vary in how open they are. For example, some wikis allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this. 各维基网的开放程度不同。比如，有些维基网允许任何人编辑内容，另一些则只允许注册用户进行内容编辑。
Wikis vary in how open they are. Some wikis, for example / for instance, allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this. 各维基网的开放程度不同。比如，有些维基网允许任何人编辑内容，另一些则只允许注册用户进行内容编辑。
More and more people read their news on the Internet. To take one example, over 14 million people now read the online version of ‘The Oxford Herald’. 越来越多的人在网上阅读新闻。举个例子来说，现在有超过 1400 万人阅读《牛津先驱报》的网络版。
Online newspapers are now more popular than paper ones. ‘The Oxford Herald’ is a case in point. Its print circulation has fallen in recent years, while its website attracts millions of users every month. 现在，网络报纸比纸质报纸更受欢迎。《牛津先驱报》就是一个很好的例子。近年来，其印刷版发行量趋于减少，但其网站每个月却吸引上千万的用户。
十二、 Emphasis -- Highlighting an important point 强调重点
This case emphasizes / highlights the importance of honest communication between managers and employees. 这个事例凸显出经理与员工之间坦诚交流的重要性。
Effective communication skills are essential / crucial / vital. 有效的交流技巧是至关重要的。
It should be noted that this study considers only verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is not dealt with here. 应该注意的是本研究只考查了言语交流，在此没有涉及非言语交流。
It is important to remember that / An important point to remember is that non-verbal communication plays a key role in getting your message across. 非言语交流在传递信息过程中起着重要的作用，记住这一点非常重要。
Communication is not only about the words you use but also your body language and, especially / above all, the effectiveness with which you listen. 交流不仅涉及使用的词语，同时也涉及身体语言，尤其与能否有效听取对方的话有关。
I would like to draw attention to the role of listening in effective communication. 我想让大家注意倾听在有效交流中扮演的角色。
Choose your words carefully: in particular, avoid confusing and ambiguous language. 注意用词，特别是避免使用令人费解和有歧义的语言。
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, you must learn to listen as well as to speak. 最后，也许是最重要的，你不仅要学会说还要学会听。
十三、 Evidence -- Giving proof 提供证据
There is clear evidence that TV advertising influences what children buy. 有明确的证据表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。
It is clear from numerous studies that TV advertising influences what children buy. 众多研究清楚地表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。
Recent research demonstrates that TV advertising influences children\'s spending habits. 最近的研究表明电视广告影响儿童的消费习惯。
Many parents think that TV advertising influences their children. This view is supported by the findings of a recent study, which show a clear link between television advertisements and children\'s spending habits. 许多家长认为电视广告对他们的孩子会产生影响。这一观点得到近期研究结果的支持，即电视广告和儿童消费习惯之间有明显的关联。
The findings also reveal that most children are unaware of the persuasive purpose of advertising. 这些研究结果还显示大多数儿童没有意识到广告的说服意图。
There is little evidence that children understand the persuasive intent of advertising. 几乎没有证据表明儿童能够理解广告的说服意图。
The results contradict claims that advertising is unrelated to children\'s spending habits. 这些研究结果否定了广告与儿童消费习惯无关的说法。
Manufacturers argue that it is difficult to prove that advertising alone influences what children buy. 生产厂商争辩说，很难证明单凭广告就能影响儿童的购买行为。
十四、 Except -- Making an exception 说明例外的情况
She wrote all of the songs on the album except for the final track. 除最后一首歌外，这张专辑中所有歌曲都是她写的。
Apart from / aside from the final track, all of the songs on the album were written by her. 除最后一首歌外，这张专辑中所有歌曲都是她写的。
The songwriting— with a few minor exceptions —is of a very high quality. 除了几首歌美中不足以外，歌曲创作质量非常高。
With only one or two exceptions, the songwriting is of a very high quality. 歌曲创作质量非常高，仅有一两首歌例外。
The majority of the compositions are less than three minutes long, with the notable exception of the title track. 大多数曲目的长度都不超过三分钟，只有与专辑同名的曲目是明显的例外。
With the exception of the title track, this album is a huge disappointment. 这张专辑令人大失所望，只有与专辑同名的曲目还过得去。
Here is a list of all the band\'s CDs, excluding unofficial ‘bootleg’ recordings. 这是这个乐队所有 CD 的清单，未经批准非法录制的作品没有计算在内。
十五、 Expect -- Discussing predictions 谈论预测
The number of people using mobile phones to purchase goods and services is expected / likely to more than double by the end of 2015. 到 2015 年底，使用手机购买商品和服务的人数预计／可能会是现在的两倍多。
Experts have predicted / forecast that the number of people using their mobile phones to pay for goods and services should exceed 190 million in 2015. 专家已经预言，到 2015 年使用手机支付商品和服务费用的人数将超过 1.9 亿。
This figure is set to reach 200 million by 2016. 到 2016 年这个数字可能会达到 2 亿。
By 2015, 800 million mobile phone users worldwide will be participating in social networks via their phone. 到 2015 年，全球将有 8 亿手机用户通过手机参与社交网络。
Sales of mobile phones in 2009 were lower than expected. * 2009 年的手机销量低于预期。
The company\'s announcement of 1.26 billion handsets sold for the year is in line with predictions. 公司宣布本年度手机销量为 12.6 亿部，符合预期。
十六、 Fall -- Describing a decrease 描述下降
Car crime in Oxford fell significantly last year. 去年牛津的汽车犯罪显著下降。
Car crime fell by about a quarter over a 12-month period. * 12 个月内汽车犯罪下降了约四分之一。
The number of stolen vehicles dropped from 1013 to 780, a fall of 26 per cent. 被盗汽车数量从 1013 辆减少到 780 辆，下降了 26%。
According to this data, 780 vehicles were stolen, 26% down on the previous year. 根据这份数据，780 辆车被盗，比去年下降了 26%。
There was an 11% drop in reported thefts from motor vehicles, from 1871 to 1737. 机动车财物盗窃案件数量下降了 11%，从 1871 下降到 1737。
These figures show that, as far as car crime is concerned, the main trend is downwards. 这些数据表明，就汽车犯罪而言，大趋势是下降的。
十七、 First -- Ordering your points 梳理要点
This study has the following aims:first, to investigate how international students in the UK use humour; second, to examine how jokes can help to establish social relationships; and, third, to explore the role that humour plays in helping overseas students adjust to life in the UK. 本研究有以下几个目的：第一，调查在英国的留学生如何运用幽默；第二，考察笑话如何帮助建立社交关系；第三，探究幽默对留学生适应英国生活所起的作用。
Let us begin by identifying some of the popular joke genres in the UK. 首先我们来探究一下流行于英国的一些笑话类型。
Next, let us turn to / Next, let us consider the question of gender differences in the use of humour. 接下来，我们来探讨一下运用幽默的性别差异问题。
Finally / Lastly, let us briefly examine the role of humour in defining a nation\'s culture. 最后，我们来简略地探讨一下幽默在界定民族文化中所起的作用。
十八、 Generally -- Ways of saying ‘in general’ “通常”的表达方式
Women generally earn less than men. 女人通常比男人挣钱少。
Generally speaking, jobs traditionally done by women are paid at a lower rate than those traditionally done by men. 一般来说，传统上由妇女干的工作比传统上由男人干的工作报酬低。
In general / By and large, women do not earn as much as men. 总的说来，女人不如男人挣钱多。
Certain jobs, like nursing and cleaning, are still mainly carried out by women. 有些工作仍然主要由女性做，比如护理和保洁。
Senior management posts are predominantly held by men. 高层管理职位大多由男性担任。
Most senior management posts tend to be held by men. 大多数高层管理职位通常由男性担任。
Women are, for the most part, still paid less than men. 女人的薪水多半仍比男人低。
Economic and social factors are, to a large extent, responsible for women being concentrated in low-paid jobs. 经济和社会因素在很大程度上导致女性集中于低报酬工作。
十九、 However -- Ways of saying ‘but’ “但是”的表达方式
Politicians have promised to improve road safety. So far, however, little has been achieved. 政客们承诺要提高道路安全。但是，迄今为止成效微乎其微。
Despite clear evidence from road safety studies, no new measures have been introduced. 尽管道路安全研究已得出确切依据，但仍未实施任何新措施。
Politicians have promised to improve road safety. In spite of this / Despite this, little has been achieved so far. 政客们承诺要提高道路安全。尽管如此，迄今为止成效微乎其微。
Although politicians have promised to improve road safety, little has been achieved so far. 尽管政客们承诺要提高道路安全，但是迄今为止成效微乎其微。
Some politicians claim that the new transport policy has been a success. In fact, it has been a total disaster. 一些政客宣称新的交通政策非常成功，实际上却是彻头彻尾的失败。
Government campaigns have had a measure of success, but the fact remains that large numbers of accidents are still caused by careless drivers. *的宣传活动取得了一定的成功，但实际情况是大量的交通事故仍然是由于驾驶者疏忽造成的。
二十、 i.e. -- Explaining what you mean 解释意思
Some poems are mnemonics, i.e. they are designed to help you remember something. 有些诗歌是记忆代码，即是说，其目的是帮助人们记起某事。
Some poems are mnemonics, that is to say, they are designed to help you remember something. 有些诗歌是记忆代码，就是说，其目的是帮助人们记起某事。
Mnemonic poems, that is poems designed to help you remember something, are an excellent way to learn lists. 记事诗，即帮助人记起事情的诗歌，是记住一系列事物的极佳方式。
A limerick\'s rhyme scheme is A–A–B–B–A. In other words, the first, second, and fifth lines all rhyme with one another, while the third and fourth lines have their own rhyme. 五行打油诗的韵律是 A-A-B-B-A。就是说，第一行、第二行和第五行押一个韵，而第三行和第四行押另一个韵。
In this exercise the reader is encouraged to work out the meaning, or rather the range of meanings, of the poem. 这个练习鼓励读者弄清这首诗的意思，更确切地说是弄清其几种含意。
This is a poem about death, or, more precisely, dying. 这是一首关于死亡的诗，更确切地说是关于临终的诗。
He says his poems deal with ‘the big issues’, by which he means love, loss, grief and death. 他说他的诗涉及一些“重大问题”，这些问题是指爱、失去、痛苦和死亡。
二十一、 Illustrate -- Referring to a chart, graph or table 描述图或表
This bar chart illustrates how many journeys people made on public transport over a three-month period. 这个柱状图显示三个月期间人们乘坐公共交通往来的次数。
This table compares bus, train, and taxi use between April and June. 这个表比较了四月至六月公交车、火车和出租车的使用情况。
The results are shown in the chart below. 结果显示在下面的图表中。
In this pie chart, the survey results are broken down by age. 在这个饼分图中，调查结果按年龄划分。
This pie chart breaks down the survey results by age. 这个饼分图按年龄对调查结果进行分类。
As can be seen from these results, younger people use buses more than older people. 从结果可以看出，年轻人比老年人乘坐公交车的频率更高。
According to these figures, bus travel accounts for 60% of public transport use. 从这些数字看，乘坐公交车出行占公共交通使用率的 60%。
From the data in the above graph, it is apparent that buses are the most widely used form of public transport. 从上图的数据明显看出：公交车是公共交通中使用最广泛的类型。
二十二、 Impersonal -- Giving opinions using impersonal language 用客观的语言发表意见
It is vital that more is done to prevent the illegal trade in wild animals. 应进一步阻止非法买卖野生动物的行为，这一点至关重要。
Compare 比较：
We have to do more to stop people trading wild animals illegally. 我们必须进一步阻止人们非法买卖野生动物。
It is clear that more needs to be done to protect biodiversity. 显然，应进一步保护生物多样性。
Compare 比较：
We clearly need to do more to protect biodiversity. 很明显，我们需要进一步保护生物多样性。
It is unfortunate that the practice of keeping monkeys as pets still continues. 不幸的是，将猴子当宠物饲养的做法仍在持续。
Compare 比较：
It\'s absolutely terrible that people still keep monkeys as pets. 非常糟糕的是有人仍将猴子当宠物饲养。
It is difficult for many people to understand the reasons why certain individuals choose to hunt animals for sport. 许多人都难以理解为什么有些人选择捕猎作为消遣。
Compare 比较：
I can\'t understand why anyone would want to kill animals for fun. 我不明白为什么有人会以猎杀动物为乐。
Unfortunately, it would seem that not enough is being done to support tiger conservation. 遗憾的是，在保护老虎方面给予的支持似乎还不够。
Compare 比较：
Governments aren\'t doing enough to help tiger conservation. *没有采取足够措施促进对老虎的保护。
There is no doubt that the greatest threat to polar bears comes from global warming. 毫无疑问，对北极熊的最大威胁是全球变暖。
Compare 比较：
I believe that the greatest threat… 我认为最大的威胁…
二十三、 Increase -- Describing an increase 描述增长
Student numbers in English language schools in this country increased from 66000 in 2008 to just over 84000 in 2009. 这个国家英语语言学校的学生人数从 2008 年的 66000 增长到 2009 年的 84000 多一点。
The number of students increased by almost 30% compared with the previous year. 学生人数与去年相比增长了近 30%。
Student numbers shot up / increased dramatically in 2009. 学生人数在 2009 年急剧增长。
The proportion of Spanish students rose sharply from 5% in 2008 to 14% in 2009. 西班牙学生所占比例从 2008 年的 5% 猛增到 2009 年的 14%。
There was a significant rise in student numbers in 2009. 学生人数在 2009 年大幅上升。
The 2009 figure was 84000, an increase of 28% on the previous year. * 2009 年的数据是 84000，比前一年增长了 28%。
The 2009 figure was 84000, 28 per cent up on the previous year. * 2009 年的数据是 84000，比前一年上升了 28%。
As the chart shows, this can partly be explained by a dramatic increase in students from Spain. 如图所示，这种情况的部分原因是西班牙学生人数的急剧上升。
二十四、 Nevertheless -- Conceding a point and making a counter-argument 承认一个观点的正确性，并提出一个对立的观点
While the film is undoubtedly too long, it is nevertheless an intriguing piece of cinema. 虽然这部电影的确太长了，但它不失为一部有趣的影片。
It can be argued that the movie is too long. It is nonetheless an intriguing piece of cinema. 可以认为这部电影太长了，但它不失为一部有趣的影片。
The film is undoubtedly too long. Still, it is an intriguing piece of cinema. 这部电影的确太长了，但它仍不失为一部有趣的影片。
Of course, huge chunks of the book have been sacrificed in order to make a two-hour movie, but it is nevertheless a successful piece of storytelling. 当然，为了制作一部两小时的电影，该书中的大部分内容都被舍弃了，不过它仍不失为一部成功的故事片。
Critics are wrong to argue that the film\'s plot is too complicated. Certainly there are a couple of major twists, but audiences will have no difficulty following them. 批评家认为这部电影的情节过于复杂，这种观点是不恰当的。影片中确实有几次大的情节变化，但观众还是不难看懂的。
It is true that you cannot make a good movie without a good script, but it is equally true that a talented director can make a good script into an excellent film. 的确，没有好的剧本不可能拍出好的电影，但有天赋的导演能将较好的剧本制作成非常好的电影，这一点也是没有疑问的。
It remains to be seen whether these two movies herald a new era of westerns, but there is no doubt that they represent welcome additions to the genre. 这两部电影是否预示着西部片新时代的来临还有待观察。但是毫无疑问，它们作为这一电影类型的新作而受到欢迎。
二十五、 Opinion -- Giving your personal opinion 表达个人意见
In my opinion, everyone should have some understanding of science. 依我看，每个人都应该懂一点科学。
Everyone should, in my opinion, have some understanding of science. 依我看，每个人都应该懂一点科学。
It seems to me that many people in this country have a poor understanding of science. 在我看来，这个国家许多人都不太懂科学。
This is, in my view, the result of a failure of the scientific community to get its message across. 依我看，这是科学界未能清楚传达讯息所致。
Another reason why so many people have such a poor understanding of science is, I believe, the lack of adequate funding for science in schools. 我认为，如此多的人对科学缺乏认识的另一个原因是学校对科学教育投入的资金不足。
Smith argues that science is separate from culture. My own view is that science belongs with literature, art, philosophy and religion as an integral part of our culture. 史密斯认为科学与文化是互不相干的。我的观点是科学与文学、艺术、哲学以及宗教一起都是我们文化的不可或缺的一部分。
In this writer\'s opinion, the more the public know about science, the less they will fear and distrust it. 在这个作家看来，公众对科学了解得越多，他们就越不会惧怕科学并且会更加相信科学。
二十六、 Perhaps -- Making an opinion sound less definite 以不确定的语气表达意见
Most cybercrime involves traditional crimes, such as theft and fraud, being committed in new ways. Phishing is perhaps / possibly / probably the best-known example of this. 大多数网络犯罪都包含盗窃、诈骗等传统犯罪，只是犯罪的方式有了新的变化。网络诱骗大概是这类犯罪中最著名的例子。
It seems / appears that the more personal data which organizations collect, the more opportunity there is for this data to be lost or stolen. 看来各种机构收集的个人资料越多，这些资料丢失或被盗的可能性就越大。
It seems clear that introducing national ID cards would do little to prevent identity theft. 看来很明显的是，采用全国通用身份证对防止身份盗用起不了什么作用。
It could be argued that the introduction of national ID cards might actually make identity theft easier. 可以说采用全国通用身份证实际上可能使身份盗用更容易。
It is possible that / It may be that the only way to protect ourselves against DNA identity theft is to avoid the creation of national DNA databases. 或许保护自己免遭 DNA 身份盗用的唯一途径就是不要建立全国 DNA 数据库。
二十七、 Process -- Describing a process 描述过程
This diagram illustrates the process of paper-making. / This diagram shows how paper is made. 这个图说明了造纸的过程。
First / First of all, logs are delivered to a paper mill, where the bark is removed and the wood is cut into small chips. 首先，原木被运送到造纸厂，在那里去掉树皮，然后被切成木片。
Next / Second, the wood chips are pulped, either using chemicals or in a pulping machine. 接下来，用化学品或磨浆机把木片化成浆。
Pulping breaks down the internal structure of the wood and enables / allows the natural oils to be removed. 制浆过程使木材的内部结构分解，从而去除木材里的天然油。
Once / After the wood has been pulped, the pulp is bleached in order to remove impurities. / …is bleached so that impurities can be removed. 木材制成浆后，将其漂白以去除杂质。
The next stage is to feed the pulp into the paper machine, where it is mixed with water and then poured onto a wire conveyor belt. 下一步便是将纸浆送入制纸机，与水混合后再倒入金属传送带。
the pulp travels along the conveyor belt, the water drains away. This causes the solid material to sink to the bottom, forming a layer of paper. 当纸浆沿传送带传送时，水分蒸发，使得固体物质沉到底部，形成一层纸。
At this point the new paper is still wet, so it is passed between large heated rollers, which press out the remaining water and simultaneously dry the paper. / …dry the paper at the same time. 这时，新出的纸仍然是湿的，故让其经过几个巨大的热滚筒，挤压脱水并同时烘干。
The final stage is to wind the paper onto large rolls. / Finally, the paper is wound onto large rolls. 最后一步是将纸卷在巨大的卷轴上。
二十八、 Proportion -- Describing fractions and proportions 描述分数和份额
According to this pie chart, a third of students\' leisure time is spent watching TV. 如饼分图所示，学生的闲暇时间有三分之一都花在看电视上。
One in five hours is / are spent socializing. 每五个小时中有一个小时花在社交活动上。
Socializing accounts for / makes up / comprises about 20% of leisure time. 社交活动占去大约百分之二十的闲暇时间。
Students spend twice as much time playing computer games as doing sport. 学生们玩电脑游戏的时间是做运动时间的两倍。
Three times as many hours are spent playing computer games as reading. 玩电脑游戏的时间是阅读时间的三倍。
The figure for playing computer games is three times higher than the figure for reading. 玩电脑游戏的时间比阅读时间多两倍。
The largest proportion of time is spent playing computer games. 大部分时间都花在玩电脑游戏上。
二十九、 Similarly -- Making comparisons 进行比较
This chart provides a comparison of the ways that teenage boys and girls in the UK spend their free time. 这个图表对英国十几岁的男生和女生打发空闲时间的方式进行了对比。
In many cases, the results for boys and girls are virtually the same / identical. 在许多情况下，对男女生的调查结果实际上是相同的。
In many cases, the results for boys are virtually the same as / identical to the results for girls. 在许多情况下，对男生的调查结果实际上和对女生的调查结果是相同的。
Both boys and girls spend the bulk of their free time with friends. 男生和女生的大部分空闲时间都和朋友一起度过。
Most of the boys do more than two hours of sport a week, as do many of the girls. 大多数男生每周会做两个多小时的运动，这和许多女生是一样的。
Like many of the girls, most of the boys spend a large part of their free time using the Internet. 像许多女孩子一样，大多数男孩子也把大量空闲时间花在上网。
The girls particularly enjoy using social networking websites. Similarly, nearly all the boys said they spent at least two to three hours a week on these sites. 女生们特别喜欢上社交网站。同样，几乎所有男生都说他们每周在这些网站上花的时间至少有两到三个小时。
三十、 Surprising -- Highlighting interesting data 强调有趣的数据
What is surprising about these results is that boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls. 这些结果令人吃惊的是男生比女生更可能是左撇子。
Surprisingly, boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls. 令人吃惊的是男生比女生更可能是左撇子。
Interestingly, even when both parents are left-handed, there is still only a 26% chance of their children being left-handed. 有趣的是即使父母都是左撇子，他们的孩子也只有 26% 的几率是左撇子。
One of the most interesting findings is that only 2% of the left-handers surveyed have two left-handed parents. 研究结果中最有趣的一点是在受调查的左撇子中只有 2% 的人父母都是左撇子。
It is interesting to note that people are more likely to be left-handed if their mother is left-handed than if their father is. 有趣的是，母亲是左撇子的人比父亲是左撇子的人更可能成为左撇子。
The most striking feature of these results is that left-handed mothers are more likely to have left-handed children. 这些结果中最引人注目的一点是左撇子母亲更可能生左撇子孩子。
三十一、 Therefore -- Ways of saying ‘For this reason…’“因此”的种种表达方法
Today\'s children eat more junk food and get less exercise than previous generations of children. It is not surprising, therefore, that rates of childhood obesity are on the increase. 当今的孩子比过去几代儿童吃的垃圾食品更多，锻炼更少。因此，肥胖儿童的比例逐渐升高并不奇怪。
Children who grow up on a diet of junk food find it difficult to change this habit later in life. It is essential, therefore, that parents encourage healthy eating from an early age. 吃垃圾食品长大的孩子发现在日后的生活中很难改变这个习惯。因此，父母从孩子幼年开始就倡导健康饮食非常重要。
Children who grow up on a diet of junk food find it difficult to change this habit later in life. For this reason, / This is why it is essential that children eat healthily from an early age. 吃垃圾食品长大的孩子在日后的生活中很难改变这个习惯。因此，孩子从幼年开始就健康饮食非常重要。
Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life. Thus, the best way to prevent heart disease among adults is to encourage healthy eating from an early age. 孩童时期形成的饮食习惯往往会延续到成年。因此，预防成年人心脏疾病的最好方法就是从小鼓励健康饮食。
Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life, hence the importance of encouraging healthy eating from an early age. 孩童时期形成的饮食习惯往往会延续到成年。因此，从小鼓励健康饮食尤为重要。
三十二、 Vital -- Saying that something is necessary 表达某事是必要的
It is vital that journalists can verify the accuracy of their reports. 新闻记者能够核实其报道的准确性，这一点至关重要。
Journalists play a vital / crucial role in educating the public. 新闻记者对教育公众起着极其重要的作用。
Public trust is a crucial issue for all news organizations. 对所有新闻机构来说，公众的信任是至关重要的问题。
The ability to write well is essential for any journalist. 好的笔头功夫对任何一个新闻记者都是非常重要的。
The Internet has become an indispensable tool for reporters. 互联网已经成为记者不可或缺的工具。
In journalism, accuracy is paramount. / …is of paramount importance. 在新闻工作中，准确至关重要。
It is imperative that journalists maintain the highest possible standards of reporting. 新闻记者的当务之急是尽可能保持最高水平的报道。