前提准备:
搭建一个springboot项目,详情请参见其它博客:点击前往
1 引入相关依赖
web、mysql、jpa、lombok
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>cn.xiangxu</groupId>
<artifactId>springboottest</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging> <name>springboottest</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent> <properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties> <dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency> <dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency> <!--工具相关-->
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.projectlombok/lombok -->
<!--<dependency>-->
<!--<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>-->
<!--<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>-->
<!--</dependency>-->
</dependencies> <build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build> </project>
pom.xml
2 创建数据库表并利用工具生成实体类
详情参见其它博客:点击前往
package cn.xiangxu.springboottest.model; import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table; @Entity
@Table(name = "girl")
public class GirlModel {
@Id
private Integer girlId; private Integer age; private String name; public Integer getGirlId() {
return girlId;
} public void setGirlId(Integer girlId) {
this.girlId = girlId;
} public Integer getAge() {
return age;
} public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
} public String getName() {
return name;
} public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name == null ? null : name.trim();
} @Override
public String toString() {
return "GirlModel{" +
"girlId=" + girlId +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
2.1 JPA
JPA是Java Persistence API的简称,中文名Java持久层API,是JDK 5.0注解或XML描述对象-关系表的映射关系,并将运行期的实体对象持久化到数据库中
特点01:支持利用注解的形式实现实体类和数据库表之间的映射关系,框架会根据这个关系将实体对象持久化到数据库中
特点02:JPA已经提供了一些基本的数据操作API,开发者无需写任何代码就可以实现单表的CRUD
特点03:面向对象进行数据操作而不是面向数据库查询语言进行数据库操作
百度百科:点击前往
2.2 JPA相关的实体注解
2.2.1 @Entity
标记在类上,作为实体类的标识;有了这个注解后spring容器会自动对这个实体类进行扫描
技巧01:可以指定名称,例如 -> @Entity(name = "girl")
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Documented
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Entity {
String name() default "";
}
源码
2.2.2 @Table
当数据库中的表和实体类的类名不一致时需要用到这个注解
技巧01:数据库表明如果是 test_girl 实体类名是 TestGirl 时就认为数据库表名和实体类名是一致的
技巧02:指定数据库表名名称,例如 -> @Table(name = "girl")
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Table {
String name() default ""; String catalog() default ""; String schema() default ""; UniqueConstraint[] uniqueConstraints() default {}; Index[] indexes() default {};
}
2.2.3 @Id
标记在实体类的字段上,指明哪个字段是数据表对应的主键
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Id {
}
2.2.4 @GeneratedValue
标记在主键字段上,用于指定主键值的生成策略
技巧01:@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO) 也是默认策略, 即写成@GeneratedValue也可; 类似于hibernate的native策略,生成方式取决于底层的数据库。
技巧02:@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)指定“自动增长”策略,适用于MySQL;
技巧03:@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator = “seq_tbl_person”)指定“序列”策略,常用于Oracle,其中generator表示生成器的名字。而且还要指定@SequenceGenerator(name = “seq_tbl_person”, sequenceName = “seq_tbl_person”, allocationSize = 1)注解配合使用
其中name指定生成器的名字(与generator的值一样),sequenceName指定数据库中定义序列的名字,allocationSize指定序列每次增长1
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface GeneratedValue {
GenerationType strategy() default GenerationType.AUTO; String generator() default "";
}
2.2.5 @Column
标记在属性上,用于指定一些约束或者解决属性名和字段名的不一致问题;该注解有以下属性:
name:指定数据库表中的字段名称,当实体类的属性名称和数据库表的字段名称不一致时需要使用;但是利用工具生成的实体类一般不需要这个属性
unique:字段唯一约束,默认为false
nullable:字段非空约束,默认为true
insertable:该字段是否支持插入操作,默认为true
updatable:该字段是否支持更新操作,默认为true
columnDefinition:指明该字段在数据库中的类型,一般的类型在数据库中使用相应的类型进行对应的,但是Date类型需要指定,因为在数据库中有DATE,TIME两种类型
length:指定该属性的长度,仅对string类型的属性有效
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Column {
String name() default ""; boolean unique() default false; boolean nullable() default true; boolean insertable() default true; boolean updatable() default true; String columnDefinition() default ""; String table() default ""; int length() default 255; int precision() default 0; int scale() default 0;
}
2.2.6 @OrderBy
加载数据时指定顺序
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OrderBy {
String value() default "";
}
2.2.7 @Transient
指定该属性不是数据库表的映射字段
技巧01:如果一个属性并非数据库表的字段映射。就务必将其标示为@Transient。否则。ORM框架默认其注解为@Basic
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Transient {
}
2.2.8 @OneToOne
描述一对一关联
待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToOne {
Class targetEntity() default void.class; CascadeType[] cascade() default {}; FetchType fetch() default FetchType.EAGER; boolean optional() default true; String mappedBy() default ""; boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
2.2.9 @ManyToOne
描述多对一关联
待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ManyToMany {
Class targetEntity() default void.class; CascadeType[] cascade() default {}; FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY; String mappedBy() default "";
}
2.2.10 @OneToMany
描述一对多关联 待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToMany {
Class targetEntity() default void.class; CascadeType[] cascade() default {}; FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY; String mappedBy() default ""; boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
2.2.11 @ManyToMany
描述多对多关联 待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToMany {
Class targetEntity() default void.class; CascadeType[] cascade() default {}; FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY; String mappedBy() default ""; boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
2.2.12 @JoinColumn
待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface JoinColumn {
String name() default ""; String referencedColumnName() default ""; boolean unique() default false; boolean nullable() default true; boolean insertable() default true; boolean updatable() default true; String columnDefinition() default ""; String table() default ""; ForeignKey foreignKey() default @ForeignKey;
}
2.2.13 @MappedSuperclass
待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Documented
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface MappedSuperclass {
}
2.2.14 @Embedded
待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package javax.persistence; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Embedded {
}
参考文档:点击前往
3 编写持久层接口
请参见其他博客:点击前往
技巧01:必须进行数据库链接配置,因为我们导入了数据库连接的相关依赖,springboot项目的@EnableAutoConfiguration注解会自动根据依赖进行自动配置,如果找不到连接信息就会抛出异常
4 编写测试类
右键 -> go to -> test
ctrl + shift + t
技巧01:在测试类上添加 @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) 和 @SpringBootTest
技巧02:可在测试类中依赖注入容器中的bean,具体的测试方法和junit一样
package cn.xiangxu.springboottest.dao; import cn.xiangxu.springboottest.model.GirlModel;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; import javax.annotation.Resource; import java.util.List; import static org.junit.Assert.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class GirlDaoTest { @Resource
private GirlDao girlDao; @Test
public void test01() {
System.out.println("测试方法");
Assert.assertNotEquals(3, 4);
} @Test
public void findAll() {
List<GirlModel> girlModelList = girlDao.findAll();
System.out.println(girlModelList);
for (GirlModel girlModel : girlModelList) {
System.out.println(girlModel);
}
} }
5 lombok的使用
lombok是一个工具,导入lombok的依赖后就可以利用注解来代替一些简单的代码
5.1 使用lombok的坑
在使用了 lombok 注解,并且导入相关jar包后,通过IDEA运行时会出错;因为lombok会在项目进行打包时自动给添加了lombok注解的地方添加相应的代码,但是我们通过IDEA运行springboot项目时还未进行打包操作,所以会报错;通常的做法是在IDEA中安装一个插件
安装插件的教程:点击前往
5.2 lombok提供了很多的注解,三少常用的注解如下:
@Data -> 标注在实体类上回自动生成equals()、hashCode()、toString()、get方法、set方法【实体类神器注解】
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package lombok; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Data {
String staticConstructor() default "";
}
@Getter -> 仅仅生成get方法
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package lombok; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Getter {
AccessLevel value() default AccessLevel.PUBLIC; Getter.AnyAnnotation[] onMethod() default {}; boolean lazy() default false; /** @deprecated */
@Deprecated
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Target({})
public @interface AnyAnnotation {
}
}
@Setter -> 仅仅生成set方法
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package lombok; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Setter {
AccessLevel value() default AccessLevel.PUBLIC; Setter.AnyAnnotation[] onMethod() default {}; Setter.AnyAnnotation[] onParam() default {}; /** @deprecated */
@Deprecated
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Target({})
public @interface AnyAnnotation {
}
}
@Slf4j -> 日志对象
具体用法请参见博客:点击前往
//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
// package lombok.extern.slf4j; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface Slf4j {
String topic() default "";
}