在C#下使用TensorFlow.NET训练自己的数据集
今天，我结合代码来详细介绍如何使用 SciSharp STACK 的 TensorFlow.NET 来训练CNN模型，该模型主要实现 图像的分类 ，可以直接移植该代码在 CPU 或 GPU 下使用，并针对你们自己本地的图像数据集进行训练和推理。TensorFlow.NET是基于 .NET Standard 框架的完整实现的TensorFlow，可以支持 .NET Framework 或 .NET CORE , TensorFlow.NET 为广大.NET开发者提供了完美的机器学习框架选择。
SciSharp STACK：https://github.com/SciSharp
什么是TensorFlow.NET?
TensorFlow.NET 是 SciSharp STACK 
开源社区团队的贡献，其使命是打造一个完全属于.NET开发者自己的机器学习平台，特别对于C#开发人员来说，是一个“0”学习成本的机器学习平台，该平台集成了大量API和底层封装，力图使TensorFlow的Python代码风格和编程习惯可以无缝移植到.NET平台，下图是同样TF任务的Python实现和C#实现的语法相似度对比，从中读者基本可以略窥一二。
由于TensorFlow.NET在.NET平台的优秀性能，同时搭配SciSharp的NumSharp、SharpCV、Pandas.NET、Keras.NET、Matplotlib.Net等模块，可以完全脱离Python环境使用，目前已经被微软ML.NET官方的底层算法集成，并被谷歌写入TensorFlow官网教程推荐给全球开发者。
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SciSharp 产品结构
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微软 ML.NET底层集成算法
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谷歌官方推荐.NET开发者使用
URL: https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r2.0/api_docs
项目说明
本文利用TensorFlow.NET构建简单的图像分类模型，针对工业现场的印刷字符进行单字符OCR识别，从工业相机获取原始大尺寸的图像，前期使用OpenCV进行图像预处理和字符分割，提取出单个字符的小图，送入TF进行推理，推理的结果按照顺序组合成完整的字符串，返回至主程序逻辑进行后续的生产线工序。
实际使用中，如果你们需要训练自己的图像，只需要把训练的文件夹按照规定的顺序替换成你们自己的图片即可。支持GPU或CPU方式，该项目的完整代码在GitHub如下：
模型介绍
本项目的CNN模型主要由 2个卷积层&池化层 和 1个全连接层 组成，激活函数使用常见的Relu，是一个比较浅的卷积神经网络模型。其中超参数之一"学习率"，采用了自定义的动态下降的学习率，后面会有详细说明。具体每一层的Shape参考下图：
数据集说明
为了模型测试的训练速度考虑，图像数据集主要节选了一小部分的OCR字符（X、Y、Z），数据集的特征如下：
分类数量：3 classes 【X/Y/Z】
图像尺寸：Width 64 × Height 64
图像通道：1 channel（灰度图）
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数据集数量：
train：X - 384pcs ； Y - 384pcs ； Z - 384pcs
validation：X - 96pcs ； Y - 96pcs ； Z - 96pcs
test：X - 96pcs ； Y - 96pcs ； Z - 96pcs
其它说明：数据集已经经过 随机 翻转/平移/缩放/镜像 等预处理进行增强
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整体数据集情况如下图所示：
代码说明
环境设置
.NET 框架：使用.NET Framework 4.7.2及以上，或者使用.NET CORE 2.2及以上
CPU 配置： Any CPU 或 X64 皆可
GPU 配置：需要自行配置好CUDA和环境变量，建议 CUDA v10.1，Cudnn v7.5
类库和命名空间引用
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从NuGet安装必要的依赖项，主要是SciSharp相关的类库，如下图所示：
注意事项：尽量安装最新版本的类库，CV须使用 SciSharp 的 SharpCV 方便内部变量传递
<PackageReference Include="Colorful.Console" Version="1.2.9" />
<PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="12.0.3" />
<PackageReference Include="SciSharp.TensorFlow.Redist" Version="1.15.0" />
<PackageReference Include="SciSharp.TensorFlowHub" Version="0.0.5" />
<PackageReference Include="SharpCV" Version="0.2.0" />
<PackageReference Include="SharpZipLib" Version="1.2.0" />
<PackageReference Include="System.Drawing.Common" Version="4.7.0" />
<PackageReference Include="TensorFlow.NET" Version="0.14.0" /> -
引用命名空间，包括 NumSharp、Tensorflow 和 SharpCV ;
using NumSharp;
using NumSharp.Backends;
using NumSharp.Backends.Unmanaged;
using SharpCV;
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using Tensorflow;
using static Tensorflow.Binding;
using static SharpCV.Binding;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Threading.Tasks;###
主逻辑结构
主逻辑：
准备数据
创建计算图
训练
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预测
public bool Run()
{
PrepareData();
BuildGraph();
using (var sess = tf.Session())
{
Train(sess);
Test(sess);
}
TestDataOutput();
return accuracy_test > 0.98;
}
数据集载入
数据集下载和解压
数据集地址：https://github.com/SciSharp/SciSharp-Stack-Examples/blob/master/data/data_CnnInYourOwnData.zip
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数据集下载和解压代码 ( 部分封装的方法请参考 GitHub完整代码 )：
string url = "https://github.com/SciSharp/SciSharp-Stack-Examples/blob/master/data/data_CnnInYourOwnData.zip";
Directory.CreateDirectory(Name);
Utility.Web.Download(url, Name, "data_CnnInYourOwnData.zip");
Utility.Compress.UnZip(Name + "\\data_CnnInYourOwnData.zip", Name);
字典创建
读取目录下的子文件夹名称，作为分类的字典，方便后面One-hot使用
private void FillDictionaryLabel(string DirPath)
{
string[] str_dir = Directory.GetDirectories(DirPath, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly);
int str_dir_num = str_dir.Length;
if (str_dir_num > )
{
Dict_Label = new Dictionary<Int64, string>();
for (int i = ; i < str_dir_num; i++)
{
string label = (str_dir[i].Replace(DirPath + "\\", "")).Split('\\').First();
Dict_Label.Add(i, label);
print(i.ToString() + " : " + label);
}
n_classes = Dict_Label.Count;
}
}
文件List读取和打乱
从文件夹中读取train、validation、test的list，并随机打乱顺序。
读取目录
ArrayFileName_Train = Directory.GetFiles(Name + "\\train", "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories);
ArrayLabel_Train = GetLabelArray(ArrayFileName_Train);
ArrayFileName_Validation = Directory.GetFiles(Name + "\\validation", "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories);
ArrayLabel_Validation = GetLabelArray(ArrayFileName_Validation);
ArrayFileName_Test = Directory.GetFiles(Name + "\\test", "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories);
ArrayLabel_Test = GetLabelArray(ArrayFileName_Test);
获得标签
private Int64[] GetLabelArray(string[] FilesArray)
{
Int64[] ArrayLabel = new Int64[FilesArray.Length];
for (int i = ; i < ArrayLabel.Length; i++)
{
string[] labels = FilesArray[i].Split('\\');
string label = labels[labels.Length - ];
ArrayLabel[i] = Dict_Label.Single(k => k.Value == label).Key;
}
return ArrayLabel;
}
随机乱序
public (string[], Int64[]) ShuffleArray(int count, string[] images, Int64[] labels)
{
ArrayList mylist = new ArrayList();
string[] new_images = new string[count];
Int64[] new_labels = new Int64[count];
Random r = new Random();
for (int i = ; i < count; i++)
{
mylist.Add(i);
}
for (int i = ; i < count; i++)
{
int rand = r.Next(mylist.Count);
new_images[i] = images[(int)(mylist[rand])];
new_labels[i] = labels[(int)(mylist[rand])];
mylist.RemoveAt(rand);
}
print("shuffle array list： " + count.ToString());
return (new_images, new_labels);
}
部分数据集预先载入
Validation/Test数据集和标签一次性预先载入成NDArray格式。
private void LoadImagesToNDArray()
{
//Load labels
y_valid = np.eye(Dict_Label.Count)[new NDArray(ArrayLabel_Validation)];
y_test = np.eye(Dict_Label.Count)[new NDArray(ArrayLabel_Test)];
print("Load Labels To NDArray : OK!"); //Load Images
x_valid = np.zeros(ArrayFileName_Validation.Length, img_h, img_w, n_channels);
x_test = np.zeros(ArrayFileName_Test.Length, img_h, img_w, n_channels);
LoadImage(ArrayFileName_Validation, x_valid, "validation");
LoadImage(ArrayFileName_Test, x_test, "test");
print("Load Images To NDArray : OK!");
}
private void LoadImage(string[] a, NDArray b, string c)
{
for (int i = ; i < a.Length; i++)
{
b[i] = ReadTensorFromImageFile(a[i]);
Console.Write(".");
}
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Load Images To NDArray: " + c);
}
private NDArray ReadTensorFromImageFile(string file_name)
{
using (var graph = tf.Graph().as_default())
{
var file_reader = tf.read_file(file_name, "file_reader");
var decodeJpeg = tf.image.decode_jpeg(file_reader, channels: n_channels, name: "DecodeJpeg");
var cast = tf.cast(decodeJpeg, tf.float32);
var dims_expander = tf.expand_dims(cast, );
var resize = tf.constant(new int[] { img_h, img_w });
var bilinear = tf.image.resize_bilinear(dims_expander, resize);
var sub = tf.subtract(bilinear, new float[] { img_mean });
var normalized = tf.divide(sub, new float[] { img_std }); using (var sess = tf.Session(graph))
{
return sess.run(normalized);
}
}
}
计算图构建
构建CNN静态计算图，其中学习率每n轮Epoch进行1次递减。
#region BuildGraph
public Graph BuildGraph()
{
var graph = new Graph().as_default(); tf_with(tf.name_scope("Input"), delegate
{
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape: (-, img_h, img_w, n_channels), name: "X");
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape: (-, n_classes), name: "Y");
}); var conv1 = conv_layer(x, filter_size1, num_filters1, stride1, name: "conv1");
var pool1 = max_pool(conv1, ksize: , stride: , name: "pool1");
var conv2 = conv_layer(pool1, filter_size2, num_filters2, stride2, name: "conv2");
var pool2 = max_pool(conv2, ksize: , stride: , name: "pool2");
var layer_flat = flatten_layer(pool2);
var fc1 = fc_layer(layer_flat, h1, "FC1", use_relu: true);
var output_logits = fc_layer(fc1, n_classes, "OUT", use_relu: false); //Some important parameter saved with graph , easy to load later
var img_h_t = tf.constant(img_h, name: "img_h");
var img_w_t = tf.constant(img_w, name: "img_w");
var img_mean_t = tf.constant(img_mean, name: "img_mean");
var img_std_t = tf.constant(img_std, name: "img_std");
var channels_t = tf.constant(n_channels, name: "img_channels"); //learning rate decay
gloabl_steps = tf.Variable(, trainable: false);
learning_rate = tf.Variable(learning_rate_base); //create train images graph
tf_with(tf.variable_scope("LoadImage"), delegate
{
decodeJpeg = tf.placeholder(tf.@byte, name: "DecodeJpeg");
var cast = tf.cast(decodeJpeg, tf.float32);
var dims_expander = tf.expand_dims(cast, );
var resize = tf.constant(new int[] { img_h, img_w });
var bilinear = tf.image.resize_bilinear(dims_expander, resize);
var sub = tf.subtract(bilinear, new float[] { img_mean });
normalized = tf.divide(sub, new float[] { img_std }, name: "normalized");
}); tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Train"), delegate
{
tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Loss"), delegate
{
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels: y, logits: output_logits), name: "loss");
}); tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Optimizer"), delegate
{
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate: learning_rate, name: "Adam-op").minimize(loss, global_step: gloabl_steps);
}); tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Accuracy"), delegate
{
var correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(output_logits, ), tf.argmax(y, ), name: "correct_pred");
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32), name: "accuracy");
}); tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Prediction"), delegate
{
cls_prediction = tf.argmax(output_logits, axis: , name: "predictions");
prob = tf.nn.softmax(output_logits, axis: , name: "prob");
});
});
return graph;
} /// <summary>
/// Create a 2D convolution layer
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">input from previous layer</param>
/// <param name="filter_size">size of each filter</param>
/// <param name="num_filters">number of filters(or output feature maps)</param>
/// <param name="stride">filter stride</param>
/// <param name="name">layer name</param>
/// <returns>The output array</returns>
private Tensor conv_layer(Tensor x, int filter_size, int num_filters, int stride, string name)
{
return tf_with(tf.variable_scope(name), delegate
{ var num_in_channel = x.shape[x.NDims - ];
var shape = new[] { filter_size, filter_size, num_in_channel, num_filters };
var W = weight_variable("W", shape);
// var tf.summary.histogram("weight", W);
var b = bias_variable("b", new[] { num_filters });
// tf.summary.histogram("bias", b);
var layer = tf.nn.conv2d(x, W,
strides: new[] { , stride, stride, },
padding: "SAME");
layer += b;
return tf.nn.relu(layer);
});
} /// <summary>
/// Create a max pooling layer
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">input to max-pooling layer</param>
/// <param name="ksize">size of the max-pooling filter</param>
/// <param name="stride">stride of the max-pooling filter</param>
/// <param name="name">layer name</param>
/// <returns>The output array</returns>
private Tensor max_pool(Tensor x, int ksize, int stride, string name)
{
return tf.nn.max_pool(x,
ksize: new[] { , ksize, ksize, },
strides: new[] { , stride, stride, },
padding: "SAME",
name: name);
} /// <summary>
/// Flattens the output of the convolutional layer to be fed into fully-connected layer
/// </summary>
/// <param name="layer">input array</param>
/// <returns>flattened array</returns>
private Tensor flatten_layer(Tensor layer)
{
return tf_with(tf.variable_scope("Flatten_layer"), delegate
{
var layer_shape = layer.TensorShape;
var num_features = layer_shape[new Slice(, )].size;
var layer_flat = tf.reshape(layer, new[] { -, num_features }); return layer_flat;
});
} /// <summary>
/// Create a weight variable with appropriate initialization
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <param name="shape"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private RefVariable weight_variable(string name, int[] shape)
{
var initer = tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev: 0.01f);
return tf.get_variable(name,
dtype: tf.float32,
shape: shape,
initializer: initer);
} /// <summary>
/// Create a bias variable with appropriate initialization
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <param name="shape"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private RefVariable bias_variable(string name, int[] shape)
{
var initial = tf.constant(0f, shape: shape, dtype: tf.float32);
return tf.get_variable(name,
dtype: tf.float32,
initializer: initial);
} /// <summary>
/// Create a fully-connected layer
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">input from previous layer</param>
/// <param name="num_units">number of hidden units in the fully-connected layer</param>
/// <param name="name">layer name</param>
/// <param name="use_relu">boolean to add ReLU non-linearity (or not)</param>
/// <returns>The output array</returns>
private Tensor fc_layer(Tensor x, int num_units, string name, bool use_relu = true)
{
return tf_with(tf.variable_scope(name), delegate
{
var in_dim = x.shape[]; var W = weight_variable("W_" + name, shape: new[] { in_dim, num_units });
var b = bias_variable("b_" + name, new[] { num_units }); var layer = tf.matmul(x, W) + b;
if (use_relu)
layer = tf.nn.relu(layer); return layer;
});
}
#endregion
模型训练和模型保存
Batch数据集的读取，采用了 SharpCV 的cv2.imread，可以直接读取本地图像文件至NDArray，实现CV和Numpy的无缝对接；
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使用.NET的异步线程安全队列BlockingCollection<T>，实现TensorFlow原生的队列管理器FIFOQueue；
在训练模型的时候，我们需要将样本从硬盘读取到内存之后，才能进行训练。我们在会话中运行多个线程，并加入队列管理器进行线程间的文件入队出队操作，并限制队列容量，主线程可以利用队列中的数据进行训练，另一个线程进行本地文件的IO读取，这样可以实现数据的读取和模型的训练是异步的，降低训练时间。
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模型的保存，可以选择每轮训练都保存，或最佳训练模型保存
#region Train
public void Train(Session sess)
{
// Number of training iterations in each epoch
var num_tr_iter = (ArrayLabel_Train.Length) / batch_size; var init = tf.global_variables_initializer();
sess.run(init); var saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables(), max_to_keep: ); path_model = Name + "\\MODEL";
Directory.CreateDirectory(path_model); float loss_val = 100.0f;
float accuracy_val = 0f; var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
foreach (var epoch in range(epochs))
{
print($"Training epoch: {epoch + 1}");
// Randomly shuffle the training data at the beginning of each epoch
(ArrayFileName_Train, ArrayLabel_Train) = ShuffleArray(ArrayLabel_Train.Length, ArrayFileName_Train, ArrayLabel_Train);
y_train = np.eye(Dict_Label.Count)[new NDArray(ArrayLabel_Train)]; //decay learning rate
if (learning_rate_step != )
{
if ((epoch != ) && (epoch % learning_rate_step == ))
{
learning_rate_base = learning_rate_base * learning_rate_decay;
if (learning_rate_base <= learning_rate_min) { learning_rate_base = learning_rate_min; }
sess.run(tf.assign(learning_rate, learning_rate_base));
}
} //Load local images asynchronously,use queue,improve train efficiency
BlockingCollection<(NDArray c_x, NDArray c_y, int iter)> BlockC = new BlockingCollection<(NDArray C1, NDArray C2, int iter)>(TrainQueueCapa);
Task.Run(() =>
{
foreach (var iteration in range(num_tr_iter))
{
var start = iteration * batch_size;
var end = (iteration + ) * batch_size;
(NDArray x_batch, NDArray y_batch) = GetNextBatch(sess, ArrayFileName_Train, y_train, start, end);
BlockC.Add((x_batch, y_batch, iteration));
}
BlockC.CompleteAdding();
}); foreach (var item in BlockC.GetConsumingEnumerable())
{
sess.run(optimizer, (x, item.c_x), (y, item.c_y)); if (item.iter % display_freq == )
{
// Calculate and display the batch loss and accuracy
var result = sess.run(new[] { loss, accuracy }, new FeedItem(x, item.c_x), new FeedItem(y, item.c_y));
loss_val = result[];
accuracy_val = result[];
print("CNN：" + ($"iter {item.iter.ToString("")}: Loss={loss_val.ToString("0.0000")}, Training Accuracy={accuracy_val.ToString("P")} {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds}ms"));
sw.Restart();
}
} // Run validation after every epoch
(loss_val, accuracy_val) = sess.run((loss, accuracy), (x, x_valid), (y, y_valid));
print("CNN：" + "---------------------------------------------------------");
print("CNN：" + $"gloabl steps: {sess.run(gloabl_steps) },learning rate: {sess.run(learning_rate)}, validation loss: {loss_val.ToString("0.0000")}, validation accuracy: {accuracy_val.ToString("P")}");
print("CNN：" + "---------------------------------------------------------"); if (SaverBest)
{
if (accuracy_val > max_accuracy)
{
max_accuracy = accuracy_val;
saver.save(sess, path_model + "\\CNN_Best");
print("CKPT Model is save.");
}
}
else
{
saver.save(sess, path_model + string.Format("\\CNN_Epoch_{0}_Loss_{1}_Acc_{2}", epoch, loss_val, accuracy_val));
print("CKPT Model is save.");
}
}
Write_Dictionary(path_model + "\\dic.txt", Dict_Label);
}
private void Write_Dictionary(string path, Dictionary<Int64, string> mydic)
{
FileStream fs = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Create);
StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
foreach (var d in mydic) { sw.Write(d.Key + "," + d.Value + "\r\n"); }
sw.Flush();
sw.Close();
fs.Close();
print("Write_Dictionary");
}
private (NDArray, NDArray) Randomize(NDArray x, NDArray y)
{
var perm = np.random.permutation(y.shape[]);
np.random.shuffle(perm);
return (x[perm], y[perm]);
}
private (NDArray, NDArray) GetNextBatch(NDArray x, NDArray y, int start, int end)
{
var slice = new Slice(start, end);
var x_batch = x[slice];
var y_batch = y[slice];
return (x_batch, y_batch);
}
private unsafe (NDArray, NDArray) GetNextBatch(Session sess, string[] x, NDArray y, int start, int end)
{
NDArray x_batch = np.zeros(end - start, img_h, img_w, n_channels);
int n = ;
for (int i = start; i < end; i++)
{
NDArray img4 = cv2.imread(x[i], IMREAD_COLOR.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);
x_batch[n] = sess.run(normalized, (decodeJpeg, img4));
n++;
}
var slice = new Slice(start, end);
var y_batch = y[slice];
return (x_batch, y_batch);
}
#endregion
测试集预测
训练完成的模型对test数据集进行预测，并统计准确率
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计算图中增加了一个提取预测结果Top-1的概率的节点，最后测试集预测的时候可以把详细的预测数据进行输出，方便实际工程中进行调试和优化。
public void Test(Session sess)
{
(loss_test, accuracy_test) = sess.run((loss, accuracy), (x, x_test), (y, y_test));
print("CNN：" + "---------------------------------------------------------");
print("CNN：" + $"Test loss: {loss_test.ToString("0.0000")}, test accuracy: {accuracy_test.ToString("P")}");
print("CNN：" + "---------------------------------------------------------"); (Test_Cls, Test_Data) = sess.run((cls_prediction, prob), (x, x_test)); }
private void TestDataOutput()
{
for (int i = ; i < ArrayLabel_Test.Length; i++)
{
Int64 real = ArrayLabel_Test[i];
int predict = (int)(Test_Cls[i]);
var probability = Test_Data[i, predict];
string result = (real == predict) ? "OK" : "NG";
string fileName = ArrayFileName_Test[i];
string real_str = Dict_Label[real];
string predict_str = Dict_Label[predict];
print((i + ).ToString() + "|" + "result:" + result + "|" + "real_str:" + real_str + "|"
+ "predict_str:" + predict_str + "|" + "probability:" + probability.GetSingle().ToString() + "|"
+ "fileName:" + fileName);
}
}
总结
本文主要是.NET下的TensorFlow在实际工业现场视觉检测项目中的应用，使用SciSharp的TensorFlow.NET构建了简单的CNN图像分类模型，该模型包含输入层、卷积与池化层、扁平化层、全连接层和输出层，这些层都是CNN分类模型的必要的层，针对工业现场的实际图像进行了分类，分类准确性较高。
完整代码可以直接用于大家自己的数据集进行训练，已经在工业现场经过大量测试，可以在GPU或CPU环境下运行，只需要更换tensorflow.dll文件即可实现训练环境的切换。
同时，训练完成的模型文件，可以使用 “CKPT+Meta” 或 冻结成“PB” 2种方式，进行现场的部署，模型部署和现场应用推理可以全部在.NET平台下进行，实现工业现场程序的无缝对接。摆脱了以往Python下 需要通过Flask搭建服务器进行数据通讯交互 的方式，现场部署应用时无需配置Python和TensorFlow的环境【无需对工业现场的原有PC升级安装一大堆环境】，整个过程全部使用传统的.NET的DLL引用的方式。
欢迎广大.NET开发者们加入TensorFlow.NET社区，SciSharp STACK QQ群：461855582 ，或有任何问题可以直接联系我的个人QQ：50705111 。
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