代码书写原则:
1)不能重复写代码
2)写的代码要经常变更
编程模式概述
- 面向过程:根据业务逻辑从上到下写垒代码
- 函数式:将某功能代码封装到函数中,日后便无需重复编写,仅调用函数即可
- 面向对象:对函数进行分类和封装,让开发“更快更好更强...”
面向对象编程
面向对象的三大特性:封装、继承和多态
一、封装
class Role(object): def __init__(self,name,role,weapon,life_value): #初始化
self.name = name
self.role = role
self.weapon = weapon
self.life_value = life_value
def buy_weapon(self,weapon):
print("%s is buying [%s]" %(self.name,weapon))
self.weapon = weapon
#role 的实例
#把一个抽象的类变成一个具体对象的过程叫实例化
p1 = Role('Alan','Police','B10',)
t1 = Role('Petter','Terrorist','B11',) p1.buy_weapon("AK47") #Role.bur_weapon(p1,"AK47")
t1.buy_weapon("B51") print("P1:",p1.weapon)
print("T1:",t1.weapon)
二、继承
class SchoolMember(object):
def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.sex = sex
def enroll(self):
print("SchoolMember%s is enrolled!" %self.name) def tell(self):
print("My name is %s" % self.name) class Teacher(SchoolMember):
def __init__(self,name,age,sex,course,salary):
super(Teacher,self).__init__(name,age,sex)
SchoolMember.__init__(self,name,age,sex)
self.course = course
self.salary = salary def teaching(self):
print("Teacher [%s] is teaching [%s]" %(self.name,self.course)) class Student(SchoolMember):
def __init__(self,name,age,sex,course,tuition):
super(Student,self).__init__(name,age,sex)
self.course = course
self.tuition = tuition def pay_tuition(self):
print("Student [%s] paying tuition [%s]" %(self.name,self.tuition)) t1 = Teacher("John", 30, "Male", "C", 10000)
t2 = Teacher("Jonna", 25, "Female", "UI",15000)
s1 = Student("Jeff", 27, "Male", "PY", 10000)
s2 = Student("Alice", 28, "Male", "Java", 12000)
三、多态
多态性(polymorphisn)是允许你将父对象设置成为和一个或更多的他的子对象相等的技术,赋值之后,父对象就可以根据当前赋值给它的子对象的特性以不同的方式运作。简单的说,就是一句话:允许将子类类型的指针赋值给父类类型的指针。
那么,多态的作用是什么呢?我们知道,封装可以隐藏实现细节,使得代码模块化;继承可以扩展已存在的代码模块(类);它们的目的都是为了——代码重用。而多态则是为了实现另一个目的——接口重用!多态的作用,就是为了类在继承和派生的时候,保证使用“家谱”中任一类的实例的某一属性时的正确调用。
python本身不支持多态,以下是python模拟的多态:
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name): # Constructor of the class
self.name = name
def talk(self): # Abstract method, defined by convention only
raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method") class Cat(Animal):
def talk(self):
return 'Meow!' class Dog(Animal):
def talk(self):
return 'Woof! Woof!' def animal_talk(obj):
print(obj.talk()) c = Cat("Cat")
d = Dog("Dog")
animal_talk(c)
animal_talk(d) '''
animals = [Cat('Missy'),
Dog('Lassie')] for animal in animals:
print (animal.name + ': ' + animal.talk())
'''