NoSQL数据库介绍(7)

时间:2022-06-28 01:50:37

7 总结


     本文的目的是提供一个全面的NoSQL数据库潮流的概述和介绍,其于最近几年出现,为占优势地位的RDBMS提供了替代品。第2章讨论了开发和使用非关系型数据库系统的原因、理由和动机。这可以概括为高扩展性的需要,海量数据处理,在众多(通常是商品)服务器之间分布数据的能力,继而产生DBMS的面向分布式的设计(而不是在上层增加分布式能力),以及与编程语言和其数据结构的平滑整合(而不是如昂贵的对象关系映射)。正如第2章所示,RDBMS对于这类需求有一定的缺陷和局限性,因为它们在一个硬件(尤其是主存)昂贵以及全动态查询被认为是重要用例的时代被设计;如Stonebraker等人所说,今天的情况完全不同,因此建议对数据库管理系统的完全重新设计。由于RDBMS的限制和今天的需要,广泛的非关系型数据存储已经出现。第2章概述了几种分类和描述他们的尝试。      第3章介绍了NoSQL数据库常用的概念、技术和模式,以解决一致性、分区、存储布局、查询和分布式数据处理的问题。讨论了这一领域中的重要概念——如最终一致性和ACID vs. BASE事务特性——与一系列著名技术如多版本存储、向量时钟、状态与操作传输模型、一致性哈希、MapReduce、面向行vs.列式vs.日志结构归并树存储。      作为第一类NoSQL数据库,键/值存储在第4章被研究。大多数这类数据存储大量借鉴Amazon的Dynamo,一个专用的、完全分布式的、最终一致的键/值存储,其在本文中详细讨论。本章还检视了流行的开源键/值存储如Project Voldemort,Tokyo Cabinet/Tyrant,Redis以及MemcacheDB。      第5章探讨了文档存储,通过观察CouchDB和MongoDB为两个主要代表的这类NoSQL数据库。这些文档存储提供了文档的抽象,其是扁平的或键/值对的嵌套命名空间。CouchDB是一个Erlang编写文档存储,可以通过RESTful HTTP接口提供多版本并发控制和服务器之间的复制。MongoDB这一数据存储则有额外的特性,如嵌套文档、丰富的动态查询功能和自动分片。      第6章讨论的列存储是第三类NoSQL数据库。除了纯列式存储外,为分析目的,整合了面向列和行的数据存储也可归入这一领域。一个后者的主要代表是谷歌的Bigtable,其允许存储由行、列族、列和时间戳索引的多维map。通过一个*主服务器,Bigtable自动地在一个集群的多个片服务器之间分区和分布数据。专有的Bigtable的设计与实现被开源项目如Hypertable和HBase所应用。这一章以Apache Cassandra的研究为总结,其整合了Amazon Dynamo的全分布和最终一致性,以及Google的BigTable数据模型。

附录A  进一步的阅读、听和看
     这一部分就不翻译了,可以自己点链接看,有部分比较过时,完全可以找到更新的材料。
SQL vs. NoSQL databases
One Size Fits All: An Idea whose Time has Come and Gone by Michael Stonebraker and Ugur
Çetintemel:
http://www.cs.brown.edu/~ugur/fits_all.pdf
What Should I do? – Choosing SQL, NoSQL or Both for Scalable Web Apps by Todd Hoff:
http://voltdb.com/webcast-choosing-sql-nosql-or-both-scalable-web-apps
SQL Databases Don’t Scale by Adam Wiggins:
http://adam.heroku.com/past/2009/7/6/sql_databases_dont_scale/
6 Reasons Why Relational Database Will Be Superseded by Robin Bloor:
http://www.havemacwillblog.com/2008/11/6-reasons-why-relational-database-will-be-superseded/
Concepts, Techniques and Patterns
Introduction and Overview
Scalability, Availability & Stability Patterns by Jonas Bonér:
http://www.slideshare.net/jboner/scalability-availability-stability-patterns
Architecting for the Cloud – Horizontal Scalability via Transient, Shardable, Share-Nothing Resources
by Adam Wiggins:
http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Horizontal-Scalability
Cluster-based scalable network services by Armando Fox, Steven D. Gribble, Yatin Chawathe, Eric
A. Brewer and Paul Gauthier:
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b/TACC.pdf
CAP-Theorem, BASE and Eventual Consistency
Brewer’s CAP Theorem by Julian Browne:
http://www.julianbrowne.com/article/viewer/brewers-cap-theorem
Brewer’s Conjecture and the Feasibility of Consistent, Available, Partition-Tolerant Web Services by
Seth Gilbert and Nancy Lynch:
http://www.cs.utsa.edu/~shxu/CS6393-Fall2007/presentation/paper-18.pdf Errors in Database Systems, Eventual Consistency, and the CAP Theorem by Michael Stonebraker:
http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/83396-errors-in-database-systems-eventual-consistency-and-thecap-
theorem/fulltext
BASE: An Acid Alternative by Dan Prichett:
http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1394128
Eventually consistent by Werner Vogels:
http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2007/12/eventually_consistent.html
http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2008/12/eventually_consistent.html
I love eventual consistency but... by James Hamilton:
http://perspectives.mvdirona.com/2010/02/24/ILoveEventualConsistencyBut.aspx
Paxos Consensus Protocol
Paxos made simple by Leslie Lamport:
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf
Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system by Leslie Lamport:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.142.3682&rep=rep1&type=pdf
The part-time parliament by Leslie Lamport:
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/lamport-paxos.pdf
Chord
Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications by Ion Stoica, Robert Morris,
David Karger, M. Frans Kaashoek and Hari Balakrishnan:
http://www.sigcomm.org/sigcomm2001/p12-stoica.pdf
The Chord/DHash Project:
http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/chord/
MapReduce (Critical Remarks)
A Comparison of Approaches to Large-Scale Data Analysis by Michael Stonebraker, Andrew Pavlo,
Erik Paulson et al.:
http://database.cs.brown.edu/sigmod09/benchmarks-sigmod09.pdf
MapReduce: A major step backwards by David DeWitt:
http://databasecolumn.vertica.com/database-innovation/mapreduce-a-major-step-backwards/ NoSQL
Overview and Introduction
Directory of NoSQL databases with basic information on the individual datastores:
http://nosql-database.org/
Software Engineering Radio Podcast, Episode 165: NoSQL and MongoDB with Dwight Merriman
by Robert Blumen and Dwight Merriman:
http://www.se-radio.net/2010/07/episode-165-nosql-and-mongodb-with-dwight-merriman/
heise SoftwareArchitekTOUR Podcast (German), Episode 22: NoSQL – Alternative zu relationalen
Datenbanken by Markus Völter, Stefan Tilkov and Mathias Meyer:
http://www.heise.de/developer/artikel/Episode-22-NoSQL-Alternative-zu-relationalen-Datenbanken-
1027769.html
RadioTux Binärgewitter Podcast (German), Episode 1: NoSQL by Dirk Deimeke, Marc Seeger, Sven
Pfleiderer and Ingo Ebel:
http://blog.radiotux.de/2011/01/09/binaergewitter-1-nosql/
NoSQL: Distributed and Scalable Non-Relational Database Systems by Jeremy Zawodny:
http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7579
freiesMagazin (German), issue 08/2010: NoSQL – Jenseits der relationalen Datenbanken by Jochen
Schnelle:
http://www.freiesmagazin.de/mobil/freiesMagazin-2010-08-bilder.html#10_08_nosql
Key-/Value Stores
Amazon Dynamo: The Next Generation Of Virtual Distributed Storage by Alex Iskold:
http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/amazon_dynamo.php
Software Engineering Radio Podcast, Episode 162: Project Voldemort with Jay Kreps by Robert
Blumen and Jay Kreps:
http://www.se-radio.net/2010/05/episode-162-project-voldemort-with-jay-kreps/
Erlang eXchange 2008: Building a Transactional Data Store (Scalaris) by Alexander Reinefeld:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6981137233069932108
Why you won’t be building your killer app on a distributed hash table by Jonathan Ellis:
http://spyced.blogspot.com/2009/05/why-you-wont-be-building-your-killer.html
Document Databases
freiesMagazin (German), issue 06/2010: CouchDB – Datenbank mal anders by Jochen Schnelle:
http://www.freiesmagazin.de/mobil/freiesMagazin-2010-06-bilder.html#10_06_couchdb
Introducing MongoDB by Eliot Horrowitz:
http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7530 Column Stores
Distinguishing Two Major Types of Column-Stores by Daniel Abadi:
http://dbmsmusings.blogspot.com/2010/03/distinguishing-two-major-types-of_29.html
Cassandra – Structured Storage System over a P2P Network by Avinash Lakshman, Prashant Malik
and Karthik Ranganathan:
http://www.slideshare.net/jhammerb/data-presentations-cassandra-sigmod
4 Months with Cassandra, a love story by Cloudkick:
https://www.cloudkick.com/blog/2010/mar/02/4_months_with_cassandra/
Saying Yes To NoSQL; Going Steady With Cassandra At Digg by John Quinn:
http://about.digg.com/node/564
up and running with cassandra by Evan Weaver:
http://blog.evanweaver.com/2009/07/06/up-and-running-with-cassandra/
techZing! Podcast, Episode 8: Dude, Where’s My Database?! by Justin Vincent, Jason Roberts and
Jonathan Ellis:
http://techzinglive.com/page/75/techzing-8-dude-wheres-my-database
Cassandra: Fact vs fiction by Jonathan Ellis:
http://spyced.blogspot.com/2010/04/cassandra-fact-vs-fiction.html
Why we’re using HBase by Cosmin Lehene:
http://hstack.org/why-were-using-hbase-part-1/
http://hstack.org/why-were-using-hbase-part-2/
Graph Databases
Neo4j - A Graph Database That Kicks Buttox by Todd Hoff:
http://highscalability.com/blog/2009/6/13/neo4j-a-graph-database-that-kicks-buttox.html
JAXenter (German): Graphendatenbanken, NoSQL und Neo4j by Peter Neubauer:
http://it-republik.de/jaxenter/artikel/Graphendatenbanken-NoSQL-und-Neo4j-2906.html
JAXenter (German): Neo4j - die High-Performance-Graphendatenbank by Peter Neubauer:
http://it-republik.de/jaxenter/artikel/Neo4j-%96-die-High-Performance-Graphendatenbank-2919.html
Presentation: Graphs && Neo4j => teh awesome! by Alex Popescu:
http://nosql.mypopescu.com/post/342947902/presentation-graphs-neo4j-teh-awesome
Product: HyperGraphDB – A Graph Database by Todd Hoff:
http://highscalability.com/blog/2010/1/26/product-hypergraphdb-a-graph-database.html
RadioTux (German): Sendung über die GraphDB by Alexander Oelling and Ingo Ebel:
http://blog.radiotux.de/2010/12/13/sendung-graphdb/ Conference Slides and Recordings
NOSQL debrief San Francisco on 2009-06-11:
http://blog.oskarsson.nu/2009/06/nosql-debrief.html
http://www.johnandcailin.com/blog/john/san-francisco-nosql-meetup
NoSQL Berlin on 2009-10-22:
http://www.nosqlberlin.de/
Evaluation and Comparison of NoSQL Databases
NoSQL Ecosystem by Jonathan Ellis:
http://www.rackspacecloud.com/blog/2009/11/09/nosql-ecosystem/
NoSQL: If only it was that easy by BJ Clark:
http://bjclark.me/2009/08/04/nosql-if-only-it-was-that-easy/
The end of SQL and relational databases? by David Intersimone:
http://blogs.computerworld.com/15510/the_end_of_sql_and_relational_databases_part_1_of_3
http://blogs.computerworld.com/15556/the_end_of_sql_and_relational_databases_part_2_of_3
http://blogs.computerworld.com/15641/the_end_of_sql_and_relational_databases_part_3_of_3
Performance comparison: key/value stores for language model counts by Brendan O’Connor:
http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/performance-comparison-keyvalue-stores-for-language-model-counts/
Redis Performance on EC2 (aka weekend project coming) by Michal Frackowiak:
http://michalfrackowiak.com/blog:redis-performance
MySQL-Memcached or NOSQL Tokyo Tyrant by Matt Yonkovit:
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2009/10/15/mysql-memcached-or-nosql-tokyo-tyrant-part-
1/
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2009/10/16/mysql_memcached_tyrant_part2/
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2009/10/19/mysql_memcached_tyrant_part3/
Redis vs MySQL vs Tokyo Tyrant (on EC2) by Colin Howe:
http://colinhowe.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/redis-vs-mysql/

附录B  词汇表
     这部分省略,完全就是给小白看的

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