一、字典声明
d2 = dict(a=3,b=4,c=5)
二 、方法说明:
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注意:items(), keys(), values()都返回一个list,即[]
如:dict.items()输出为 [('a', 'b'), (1, 2), ('hello', 'world')]
三、一些基本函数的使用code:
dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "g" : "grape", "o" : "orange"}
for k in dict:
print "dict[%s]="%k,dict[k]
key="c"
if "c" not in dict:
print "it is not in %s" %key
print "-------------"
print dict.items()
print dict.keys()
print dict.values()
print "-------------"
iter = dict.iteritems()
for it in iter:
print "iteritems is:",it
print type(it)
print "-------------"
key_iter = dict.iterkeys()
for ki in key_iter:
print "key_iter is",ki
print type(ki)
print "-------------"
val_iter = dict.itervalues()
for vi in val_iter:
print "val_iter is",vi
print type(vi)
print "-------------"
dict[b]= banana
dict[o]= orange
dict[g]= grape
it is not in c
-------------
[('a', 'apple'), ('b', 'banana'), ('o', 'orange'), ('g', 'grape')]
['a', 'b', 'o', 'g']
['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']
-------------
iteritems is: ('a', 'apple')
<type 'tuple'>
iteritems is: ('b', 'banana')
<type 'tuple'>
iteritems is: ('o', 'orange')
<type 'tuple'>
iteritems is: ('g', 'grape')
<type 'tuple'>
-------------
key_iter is a
<type 'str'>
key_iter is b
<type 'str'>
key_iter is o
<type 'str'>
key_iter is g
<type 'str'>
-------------
val_iter is apple
<type 'str'>
val_iter is banana
<type 'str'>
val_iter is orange
<type 'str'>
val_iter is grape
<type 'str'>
-------------
四、其他字典操作
#合并两个字典,无序
1)直接通过dict()初始化实现
d1 = dict(x=1,y=2,z=3)
d2 = dict(a=3,b=4,c=5)
print d1,d2
d3 = dict(d1,**d2)
#等同于
d3 = dict(d1,a=3,b=4,c=5)
print d3
输出为
{'y': 2, 'x': 1, 'z': 3} {'a': 3, 'c': 5, 'b': 4}
{'a': 3, 'c': 5, 'b': 4, 'y': 2, 'x': 1, 'z': 3}
#dict()函数后面第一参数是dictionary,其他参数必须是多个展开的确定项如dict(d1,a=3,b=4,c=5),不能是dict,如果传入一个dict可以使用**kwargs传递,如 d3 = dict(d1,**{'a': 3, 'c': 5, 'b': 4})
#*args 和**kwargs
a)*args 和**kwargs做实参
def fun_var_args_call(arg1, arg2, arg3):
print "arg1:", arg1
print "arg2:", arg2
print "arg3:", arg3
args = ["two", 3] #list
fun_var_args_call(1, *args)
输出为:
arg1: 1
arg2: two
arg3: 3
b)*args 和**kwargs做形参:多余参数项收集器
而*args用函数的多余参数项为单个值的情况,将所有多余参数收集为list
foo(*args,**kwargs):
print 'args=',args
print 'kwargs=',kwargs
foo(1,2,3)
输出为
args= (1, 2, 3)
kwargs= {}
foo(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3)
输出为
args= (1, 2, 3)
kwargs= {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
2)字典的update函数实现:
dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana"}
print dict
dict2 = {"c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}
dict.update(dict2)
print dict
3)udpate()的等价语句
D = {"key1" : "value1", "key2" : "value2"}
E = {"key3" : "value3", "key4" : "value4"}
for k in E:
D[k] = E[k]
print D
输出:
{'key3': 'value3', 'key2': 'value2', 'key1': 'value1', 'key4': 'value4'}
#zip建立字典
print zip(['a','b'],[1,2]) #返回list
d = dict(zip([1,2],['a','b']))
print d
输出为:
[('a', 1), ('b', 2)]
{1: 'a', 2: 'b'}
#设置默认值
dict = {}
dict.setdefault("a")
print dict
dict["a"] = "apple"
dict.setdefault("a","default")
print dict
#调用sorted()排序
dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "grape", "c" : "orange", "d" : "banana"}
print dict
#按照key排序
print sorted(dict.items(), key=lambda d: d[0])
#按照value排序
print sorted(dict.items(), key=lambda d: d[1])
#字典的浅拷贝
dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "grape"}
dict2 = {"c" : "orange", "d" : "banana"}
dict2 = dict.copy()
print dict2
#字典的深拷贝
import copy
dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : {"g" : "grape","o" : "orange"}}
dict2 = copy.deepcopy(dict)
dict3 = copy.copy(dict)
dict2["b"]["g"] = "orange"
print dict
dict3["b"]["g"] = "orange"
print dict