Akka（6）： become/unbecome：运算行为切换

通过一段时间的学习了解，加深了一些对Akka的认识，特别是对于Akka在实际编程中的用途方面。我的想法，或者我希望利用Akka来达到的目的是这样的：作为传统方式编程的老兵，我们已经习惯了直线流程方式一口气实现完整的功能。如果使用Akka，我们可以把这个完整的功能分切成多个能产生中间临时结果的小功能然后把这些功能放到不同的Actor上分别独立运算，再通过消息来连接这些功能集合成最终结果。如此我们就轻易得到了一个多线程并发程序。由于Akka是软件工具（Tool），没有软件架构（Framework）对编程方式的特别要求，Actor的构建和使用非常方便，我们甚至不需要多少修改就可以直接把原来的一段代码移到Actor上。如果遇到一些重复的运算，我们还可以用Routing来实现并行运算。当然，把Actor当作简单的行令运算器可能还不够，如果能实现一些具体运算之上的高层次程序逻辑和流程就更加完善。我们可以用这样的高层次Actor去解析程序逻辑、执行流程、把具体的运算分配给其它各种运算Actor或者一组Routees并行运算从而取得整体程序的高效率运行。具备了这些功能后，也许我们就可以完全用Actor模式来替代传统单线程行令编程了。Akka可以通过Actor的动态行为转换来实现同一Actor在不同情况下提供不同的功能支持。我们前面提到Actor的功能是在receive函数内实现的。那么转换功能是否就是切换不同的receive函数呢？答案是确定的，Akka是通过Actor的context.become（rcvFunc）来实现receive函数切换的，我们看看下面这个示范：

import akka.actor._

object FillSeasons {
  case object HowYouFeel
  def props = Props(new FillSeasons)
}

class FillSeasons extends Actor with ActorLogging {
  import FillSeasons._

  override def receive: Receive = spring
  def Winter: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It's freezing cold!")
  }
  def summer: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It's hot hot hot!")
  }
  def spring: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It feels so goooood!")
  }
}

object Becoming extends App {
  val demoSystem = ActorSystem("demoSystem")

  val feelingsActor = demoSystem.actorOf(FillSeasons.props,"feelings")

  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.HowYouFeel

}

在FeelingsActor里我们定义了三个receive函数，对共同的HowYouFeel消息采取了不同的反应。默认行为是spring。那么应该如何在三种行为中切换呢？用context.become(???)，如下：

import akka.actor._

object FillSeasons {
  case object HowYouFeel
  case object ToSummer
  case object ToSpring
  case object ToWinter
  def props = Props(new FillSeasons)
}

class FillSeasons extends Actor with ActorLogging {
  import FillSeasons._

  override def receive: Receive = spring
  def winter: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It's freezing cold!")
    case ToSummer => context.become(summer)
    case ToSpring => context.become(spring)

  }
  def summer: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It's hot hot hot!")
    case ToSpring => context.become(spring)
    case ToWinter => context.become(winter)
  }
  def spring: Receive = {
    case HowYouFeel =>
      log.info("It feels so goooood!")
    case ToSummer => context.become(summer)
    case ToWinter => context.become(winter)
  }
}

object Becoming extends App {
  val demoSystem = ActorSystem("demoSystem")

  val feelingsActor = demoSystem.actorOf(FillSeasons.props,"feelings")

  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.HowYouFeel
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.ToSummer
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.HowYouFeel
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.ToWinter
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.HowYouFeel
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.ToSpring
  feelingsActor ! FillSeasons.HowYouFeel

  scala.io.StdIn.readLine()
  demoSystem.terminate()
}

我们增加了三个消息来切换receive。运算结果如下：

[INFO] [// ::46.013] [demoSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://demoSystem/user/feelings] It feels so goooood!
[INFO] [// ::46.019] [demoSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://demoSystem/user/feelings] It's hot hot hot!
[INFO] [// ::46.028] [demoSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://demoSystem/user/feelings] It's freezing cold!
[INFO] [// ::46.028] [demoSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://demoSystem/user/feelings] It feels so goooood!

Process finished with exit code 

就这样在几个receive里窜来窜去的好像已经能达到我们设想的目的了。看看Akka源代码中become和unbecome发现这样的做法是不正确的：

  def become(behavior: Actor.Receive, discardOld: Boolean = true): Unit =
    behaviorStack = behavior :: (if (discardOld && behaviorStack.nonEmpty) behaviorStack.tail else behaviorStack)

  def become(behavior: Procedure[Any]): Unit = become(behavior, discardOld = true)

  def become(behavior: Procedure[Any], discardOld: Boolean): Unit =
    become({ case msg ⇒ behavior.apply(msg) }: Actor.Receive, discardOld)

  def unbecome(): Unit = {
    val original = behaviorStack
    behaviorStack =
      if (original.isEmpty || original.tail.isEmpty) actor.receive :: emptyBehaviorStack
      else original.tail
  }

从上面的代码可以发现：调用become(x)实际上是把x压进了一个堆栈里。如果像我们这样不断调用become转来转去的，在堆栈上留下旧的行为函数实例最终会造成*Error。所以Akka提供了unbecome，这是个堆栈弹出函数，把上一个become压进的行为函数再弹出来，释放一个堆栈空间。所以我们应该用unbecome来解决堆栈溢出问题。但是，如果在多个receive函数之间转换来实现行为变化的话，就难以正确掌握堆栈的压进，弹出冲抵配对，并且无法避免所谓的意大利面代码造成的混乱逻辑。所以，become/unbecome最好使用在两个功能之间的转换。我们再设计一个例子来示范：

sealed trait DBOperations
case class DBWrite(sql: String) extends DBOperations
case class DBRead(sql: String) extends DBOperations

sealed trait DBStates
case object Connected extends DBStates
case object Disconnected extends DBStates

DBoperations代表数据库读写操作。DBState代表数据库当前状态：连线Connected或断线Disconnected。只有数据库在Connected状态下才能进行数据库操作。顺理成章，我们需要两个receive函数：

import akka.actor._
sealed trait DBOperations
case class DBWrite(sql: String) extends DBOperations
case class DBRead(sql: String) extends DBOperations

sealed trait DBStates
case object Connected extends DBStates
case object Disconnected extends DBStates

object DBOActor {
  def props = Props(new DBOActor)
}

class DBOActor extends Actor with ActorLogging {

  override def receive: Receive = disconnected

  def disconnected: Receive = {
    case Connected =>
      log.info("Logon to DB.")
      context.become(connected)
  }
  def connected: Receive = {
    case Disconnected =>
      log.info("Logoff from DB.")
      context.unbecome()
    case DBWrite(sql) =>
      log.info(s"Writing to DB: $sql")
    case DBRead(sql) =>
      log.info(s"Reading from DB: $sql")
  }
}

object BecomeDB extends App {
  val dbSystem = ActorSystem("dbSystem")
  val dbActor = dbSystem.actorOf(DBOActor.props,"dbActor")

  dbActor ! Connected
  dbActor ! DBWrite("Update table x")
  dbActor ! DBRead("Select from table x")
  dbActor ! Disconnected

  scala.io.StdIn.readLine()
  dbSystem.terminate()

}

运算结果显示如下：

[INFO] [// ::40.093] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logon to DB.
[INFO] [// ::40.106] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Writing to DB: Update table x
[INFO] [// ::40.107] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Reading from DB: Select from table x
[INFO] [// ::40.107] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logoff from DB.

以上是按正确顺序向dbActor发出数据库操作指令后产生的结果。但是，我们是在一个多线程消息驱动的环境里。发送给dbActor的消息收到时间无法预料。我们试着调换一下指令到达顺序：

  dbActor ! DBWrite("Update table x")
  dbActor ! Connected
  dbActor ! DBRead("Select from table x")
  dbActor ! Disconnected

运算结果：

[INFO] [// ::57.264] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logon to DB.
[INFO] [// ::57.273] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Reading from DB: Select from table x
[INFO] [// ::57.273] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logoff from DB.

漏掉了DBWrite操作。可以理解，所有connected状态之前的任何操作都不会真正生效。Akka提供了个Stash trait能把一个receive函数未处理的消息都存起来。然后用unstash()可以把存储的消息都转移到本Actor的邮箱里。我们可以用Stash来解决这个消息遗失问题：

  def disconnected: Receive = {
    case Connected =>
      log.info("Logon to DB.")
      context.become(connected)
      unstashAll()
    case _ => stash()
  }

所有消息遗失都是在Disconnected状态内发生的。在disconnected里我们用stash把所有非Connected消息存起来，然后在转换成Connected状态时把这些消息转到信箱。再看看运算结果：

object BecomeDB extends App {
  val dbSystem = ActorSystem("dbSystem")
  val dbActor = dbSystem.actorOf(DBOActor.props,"dbActor")

  dbActor ! DBWrite("Update table x")
  dbActor ! Connected
  dbActor ! DBRead("Select from table x")
  dbActor ! Disconnected

  scala.io.StdIn.readLine()
  dbSystem.terminate()

}

[INFO] [// ::54.518] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logon to DB.
[INFO] [// ::54.528] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Writing to DB: Update table x
[INFO] [// ::54.528] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Reading from DB: Select from table x
[INFO] [// ::54.528] [dbSystem-akka.actor.default-dispatcher-] [akka://dbSystem/user/dbActor] Logoff from DB.

显示结果正确。下面就是整个示范的源代码：

import akka.actor._
sealed trait DBOperations
case class DBWrite(sql: String) extends DBOperations
case class DBRead(sql: String) extends DBOperations

sealed trait DBStates
case object Connected extends DBStates
case object Disconnected extends DBStates

object DBOActor {
  def props = Props(new DBOActor)
}

class DBOActor extends Actor with ActorLogging with Stash {

  override def receive: Receive = disconnected

  def disconnected: Receive = {
    case Connected =>
      log.info("Logon to DB.")
      context.become(connected)
      unstashAll()
    case _ => stash()
  }
  def connected: Receive = {
    case Disconnected =>
      log.info("Logoff from DB.")
      context.unbecome()
    case DBWrite(sql) =>
      log.info(s"Writing to DB: $sql")
    case DBRead(sql) =>
      log.info(s"Reading from DB: $sql")
  }
}

object BecomeDB extends App {
  val dbSystem = ActorSystem("dbSystem")
  val dbActor = dbSystem.actorOf(DBOActor.props,"dbActor")

  dbActor ! DBWrite("Update table x")
  dbActor ! Connected
  dbActor ! DBRead("Select from table x")
  dbActor ! Disconnected

  scala.io.StdIn.readLine()
  dbSystem.terminate()

}