一、 Hello world程序
print("Hello World!")
执行命令: python hello.py ,输出
执行 python hello.py 时,明确的指出 hello.py 脚本由 python 解释器来执行。
如果想要类似于执行shell脚本一样执行python脚本,例: ./hello.py
,那么就需要在 hello.py 文件的头部指定解释器,如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python print "hello,world"
如此一来,执行: ./hello.py
即可。
ps:执行前需给予 hello.py 执行权限,chmod 755 hello.py
附:其它语言的hello world:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello World!!\n");
return ;
}
C
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; int main()
{
cout << "Hello World";
return ;
}
C++
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String []args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Java
<?php
echo 'Hello World!';
?>
PHP
#!/usr/bin/ruby
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- puts "Hello World!";
Ruby
package main import "fmt" func main() {
fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}
Go
program Hello;
begin
writeln ('Hello, world!')
end.
Pascal
#!/bin/bash
echo 'Hello World!'
Bash
# -*- coding: UTF- -*-
print 'Hello World!'
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
print("Hello, World!");
Python3
二、变量
变量定义的规则:
- 变量名只能是 字母、数字或下划线的任意组合
- 变量名的第一个字符不能是数字
- 以下关键字不能声明为变量名
['and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
常量用大写表示
单词之间用下划线隔开,例:gf_of_tan :tan的女朋友
三、字符编码
python解释器在加载 .py 文件中的代码时,会对内容进行编码(默认ascill),如果是如下代码的话:
#!/usr/bin/env python print "你好,世界"
报错:ascii码无法表示中文
改正:应该显示的告诉python解释器,用什么编码来执行源代码,即:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
print "你好,世界"
四、注释
单行注视:# 被注释内容
多行注释:""" 被注释内容 """
五、用户交互
python2中 raw_input = python3中的input
python2中不要用input ,它接受什么格式就是什么格式(直接打name是变量,不是字符串,字符串要写成”name“)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
username = "请输入用户名:"
print("My name is ",name) #逗号代表连接字符串
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import getpass
passwd = getpass.getpass("请输入密码:")
print("密码:", passwd)
注意:getpass 在pyCharm中不能用,会卡住;在ipython中也不行; 只能在命令行中cd到py文件,然后python interaction.py 来执行
六、格式化输出
#格式化输出name, age, job
name = input("name:")
age = input("age:")
job = input('job:')
info = '''------info of ''' + name + ''' ----
Name:''' + name + '''
Age:''' + age + '''
Job:''' + job
print(info)
法1:用+连接 不推荐
name = input("name:")
age = int(input("age:")) #强转int
job = input('job:')
info = '''
------info of %s----
Name:%s
Age:%d
Job:%s
''' %(name, name, age, job)
法2: %s %d 格式化输出
info = '''
------info of {_name}----
Name:{_name}
Age:{_age}
Job:{_job}
'''.format(
_name = name,
_age = age,
_job = job
)
法3: { } 推荐
info = '''
------info of {0}----
Name:{0}
Age:{1}
Job:{2}
'''.format(name,age,job)
法4:{0}{1}...参数多的时候不推荐
七、 表达式 if ... else
场景一、用户登陆验证
name = input('请输入用户名:')
pwd = getpass.getpass('请输入密码:') if name == "tan" and pwd == "":
print("欢迎,tan!")
else:
print("用户名和密码错误")
if ... else: ...
场景二、猜年龄
my_age = 12 user_input = int(input("input your guess num:")) if user_input == my_age:
print("Congratulations, you got it !")
elif user_input < my_age:
print("Oops,think bigger!")
else:
print("think smaller!")
if... elif... else: ...
注: 外层变量,可以被内层代码使用
八、 while循环
有一种循环叫做while死循环:
count = 0
while True:
print("count:", count)
count += 1; #count=count+1 没有count++
while猜年龄:
myage = 20
count = 0
while True:
if count == 3:
break
guess_age = int(input("guess age:"))
if(guess_age == myage):
print("yes, you got it. ")
break;
elif(guess_age < myage):
print("think bigger! ")
else:
print("think smaller! ")
count += 1
if count == 3:
print("you have tried too many times.. fuck off..")
while中加入if 和 累计次数
在上面代码基础上有两处优化: while count<3: ... else: ...
myage = 20
count = 0
while count < 3:
guess_age = int(input("guess age:"))
if (guess_age == myage):
print("yes, you got it. ")
break;
elif (guess_age < myage):
print("think bigger! ")
else:
print("think smaller! ")
count += 1
else:
print("you have tried too many times.. fuck off..")
# while 循环正常走完,不会执行else. ...非正常走完(遇到break),才会执行else
九、for循环
最简单的循环10次
for i in range(10):
print("loop:", i)
输出 loop:0 - loop: 9
for猜年龄
for i in range(3):
guess_age = int(input("guess age:"))
if (guess_age == myage):
print("yes, you got it. ")
break;
elif (guess_age < myage):
print("think bigger! ")
else:
print("think smaller! ")
count += 1
else: # while 循环正常走完,不会执行else. ...非正常走完(遇到break),才会执行else
print("you have tried too many times.. fuck off..")
for i in range(3):
while count < 3:
guess_age = int(input("guess age:"))
if (guess_age == myage):
print("yes, you got it. ")
break;
elif (guess_age < myage):
print("think bigger! ")
else:
print("think smaller! ")
count += 1
if(count == 3):
continue_flag = input("do you want to keep guessing? ")
if continue_flag != 'n':
count = 0
添加一个是否keep guessing
需求一:还是上面的程序,但是遇到小于5的循环次数就不走了,直接跳入下一次循环
for i in range(10):
if i<5:
continue #不往下走了,直接进入下一次loop
print("loop:", i )
输出 loop:5 - loop: 9
需求二:还是上面的程序,但是遇到大于5的循环次数就不走了,直接退出
for i in range(10):
if i>5:
break #不往下走了,直接跳出整个loop
print("loop:", i )
输出 loop:0 - loop: 5
需求三:输出偶数(或奇数)隔一个输出一个
for i in range(0,10,2): #前两个参数是范围,第三个参数是步长
print("loop:", i)
for双循环:
for i in range(10):
print("---------", i)
for j in range(10):
print(j)