mysql 行转列 列转行

时间:2022-12-11 16:54:54

一、行转列

即将原本同一列下多行的不同内容作为多个字段,输出对应内容。

建表语句

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_score;

CREATE TABLE tb_score(
id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
subject VARCHAR(20) COMMENT '科目',
score DOUBLE COMMENT '成绩',
PRIMARY KEY(id)
)ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;

插入数据

INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','语文',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','数学',92);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','英语',80);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','语文',88);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','数学',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','英语',75.5);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','语文',70);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','数学',85);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','英语',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('','政治',82);

查询数据表中的内容(即转换前的结果)

SELECT * FROM tb_score

mysql 行转列 列转行

先来看一下转换后的结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

可以看出,这里行转列是将原来的subject字段的多行内容选出来,作为结果集中的不同列,并根据userid进行分组显示对应的score。

1、使用case...when....then 进行行转列

SELECT userid,
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '语文' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '语文',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '数学' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '数学',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '英语' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '英语',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '政治' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '政治'
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid

2、使用IF() 进行行转列:

SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) as '语文',
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) as '数学',
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) as '英语',
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) as '政治'
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid

注意点:

(1)SUM() 是为了能够使用GROUP BY根据userid进行分组,因为每一个userid对应的subject="语文"的记录只有一条,所以SUM() 的值就等于对应那一条记录的score的值。

假如userid ='001' and subject='语文' 的记录有两条,则此时SUM() 的值将会是这两条记录的和,同理,使用Max()的值将会是这两条记录里面值最大的一个。但是正常情况下,一个user对应一个subject只有一个分数,因此可以使用SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()等聚合函数都可以达到行转列的效果。

(2)IF(`subject`='语文',score,0) 作为条件,即对所有subject='语文'的记录的score字段进行SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()操作,如果score没有值则默认为0。

3、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + WITH ROLLUP 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为Total

SELECT IFNULL(userid,'total') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(IF(`subject`='total',score,0)) AS total
FROM(
SELECT userid,IFNULL(`subject`,'total') AS `subject`,SUM(score) AS score
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid,`subject`
WITH ROLLUP
HAVING userid IS NOT NULL
)AS A
GROUP BY userid
WITH ROLLUP;

运行结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

4、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + UNION 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为 Total

SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid
UNION
SELECT 'TOTAL',SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) FROM tb_score

运行结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

5、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列,直接生成结果不再利用子查询

SELECT IFNULL(userid,'TOTAL') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid WITH ROLLUP;

运行结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

6、动态,适用于列不确定情况

SET @EE='';
select @EE :=CONCAT(@EE,'sum(if(subject= \'',subject,'\',score,0)) as ',subject, ',') AS aa FROM (SELECT DISTINCT subject FROM tb_score) A ; SET @QQ = CONCAT('select ifnull(userid,\'TOTAL\')as userid,',@EE,' sum(score) as TOTAL from tb_score group by userid WITH ROLLUP');
-- SELECT @QQ; PREPARE stmt FROM @QQ;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;

运行结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

mysql 行转列 列转行

7、合并字段显示:利用group_concat()

SELECT userid,GROUP_CONCAT(`subject`,":",score)AS 成绩 FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid

运行结果:

mysql 行转列 列转行

group_concat(),手册上说明:该函数返回带有来自一个组的连接的非NULL值的字符串结果。
比较抽象,难以理解。通俗点理解,其实是这样的:group_concat()会计算哪些行属于同一组,将属于同一组的列显示出来。要返回哪些列,由函数参数(就是字段名)决定。分组必须有个标准,就是根据group by指定的列进行分组。

结论:group_concat()函数可以很好的建属于同一分组的多个行转化为一个列。

三、列转行

建表语句:

CREATE TABLE tb_score1(
id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
cn_score DOUBLE COMMENT '语文成绩',
math_score DOUBLE COMMENT '数学成绩',
en_score DOUBLE COMMENT '英语成绩',
po_score DOUBLE COMMENT '政治成绩',
PRIMARY KEY(id)
)ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;

插入数据:

INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('',90,92,80,0);
INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('',88,90,75.5,0);
INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('',70,85,90,82);

查询数据表中的内容(即转换前的结果)

SELECT * FROM tb_score1

mysql 行转列 列转行

转换后:

mysql 行转列 列转行

本质是将userid的每个科目分数分散成一条记录显示出来。

直接上SQL:

SELECT userid,'语文' AS course,cn_score AS score FROM tb_score1
UNION ALL
SELECT userid,'数学' AS course,math_score AS score FROM tb_score1
UNION ALL
SELECT userid,'英语' AS course,en_score AS score FROM tb_score1
UNION ALL
SELECT userid,'政治' AS course,po_score AS score FROM tb_score1
ORDER BY userid

这里将每个userid对应的多个科目的成绩查出来,通过UNION ALL将结果集加起来,达到上图的效果。

附:UNION与UNION ALL的区别(摘):

1.对重复结果的处理:UNION会去掉重复记录,UNION ALL不会;

2.对排序的处理:UNION会排序,UNION ALL只是简单地将两个结果集合并;

3.效率方面的区别:因为UNION 会做去重和排序处理,因此效率比UNION ALL慢很多;