python类的高级属性

时间:2023-03-08 19:46:16

---恢复内容开始---

类方法:通过@classmethod装饰器实现,类方法和普通方法的区别是,类方法只能访问类变量,不能访问实例变量,代码如下:

class Person(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@classmethod
def eat(self): print("%s is eating"%self.name)
d = Person("alex")
d.eat()

报错如下:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类方法.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类方法.py", line 9, in <module>
d.eat()
File "D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类方法.py", line 7, in eat
print("%s is eating"%self.name)
AttributeError: type object 'Dog' has no attribute 'name'

定义一个类变量后,代码如下:

class Person(object):
name = "parktrick"
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@classmethod
def eat(self): print("%s is eating"%self.name)
d = Person("alex")
d.eat()

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类方法.py
parktrick is eating Process finished with exit code 0

静态方法:@staticmethod装饰器即可把其装饰的方法变为一个静态方法,静态方法的特点是不可以访问实例变量或类变量,但是可以调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,即d.eat(d),操作代码如下:

未使用类名调用方法的场景:

class Dog(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@staticmethod #把eat变成静态方法
def eat(self):
print("%s is eating"%self.name)
d = Dog("alex")
#调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,即d.eat(d)
d.eat()

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/静态方法.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/静态方法.py", line 9, in <module>
d.eat()
TypeError: eat() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' Process finished with exit code 1

报错显示eat方法需要个参数,但我们明明传了alex啊,所以说静态方法无法访问实例中的变量,那定义一个类变量呢?看下面:

class Dog(object):
name = "parktrick" #定义了一个类变量,看看运行结果
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@staticmethod #把eat变成静态方法
def eat(self):
print("%s is eating"%self.name)
d = Dog("alex")
#调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,即d.eat(d)
d.eat()

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/静态方法.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/静态方法.py", line 10, in <module>
d.eat()
TypeError: eat() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' Process finished with exit code 1

结果显示报错,所以由此可以看出静态方法无法访问实例变量和类变量

看看正确姿势,通过调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,代码如下:

class Dog(object):
# name = "parktrick"
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@staticmethod #把eat变成静态方法
def eat(self):
print("%s is eating"%self.name)
d = Dog("alex")
#调用时主动传递实例本身给eat方法,即d.eat(d)
d.eat(d)

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/静态方法.py
alex is eating Process finished with exit code 0

属性方法:通过@property把一个方法变成一个静态属性,既然是属性,就可以直接使用实例化对象调用了,比如d.walk,代码如下:

class Person(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@property
def walk(self):
print("%s is walking"%self.name)
test = Person("Parktrick")
test.walk #直接使用实例化对象调用walk,不用加小括号

运行结果如下:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/属性方法.py
Parktrick is walking Process finished with exit code 0

如果加了括号就会报错了,结果如下所示:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/属性方法.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/属性方法.py", line 8, in <module>
test.walk()
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
Parktrick is walking

静态属性的作用:

比如一个航班当前的状态,是到达了还是延迟了,取消了还是已经飞走了,想知道这种状态需要经历以下几步:

1. 连接航空公司API查询

2. 对查询结果进行解析

3. 返回结果给你的用户

因此这个status属性的值是一系列动作后才得到的结果,所以你每次调用时,其实它都要经过一系列的动作才返回你结果,但这些动作过程不需要用户关心, 用户只需要调用这个属性就可以了。代码如下:

class Flight(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.flight_name = name
def check_status(self):
print("check flight %s status" %self.flight_name)
return 1
@property
def flight_status(self):
status = self.check_status()
# print(status)
if status == "":
print("飞机已起飞")
elif status == "":
print("飞机未起飞")
elif status == "":
print("飞机就没有飞过")
@flight_status.setter #修改
def flight_status(self,status):
status_dic = {
0:"flying",
1:"not flying",
2:"none flying"
}
print("\033[31mHas changed the flight status to \033[0m",status_dic.get(status)) test = Flight("国航")
# test.check_status()
test.flight_status
test.flight_status = 2

运行结果如下:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/航班.py
check flight 国航 status
Has changed the flight status to none flying Process finished with exit code 0

再看一个廖大神举的例子:

class Student(object):
@property
def score(self):
return self._score
@score.setter
def score(self,value):
if not isinstance(value,int):
raise ValueError("score must be an integer")
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError("score must be 0-100")
self._score = value
test = Student()
test.score = 100
print(test.score)

总而言之,Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的。

类的特殊成员方法

__doc__

class Person(object):
'''测试类的成员变量'''
def walk(self):
pass
P = Person()
print(P.__doc__)

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类的特殊成员便令.py
测试类的成员变量 Process finished with exit code 0

__dict__ 查看类或对象中的所有成员

class Province:
country = "china"
def __init__(self,name,count):
self.name = name
self.count = count
def func(self,*args,**kwargs):
print("func")
#获取类的成员,即:静态字段、方法
print(Province.__dict__) obj1 = Province("Hebei",10000)
print(obj1.__dict__)
#获取对象obj1的成员

__getitem__、__setitem__、__delitem__

class Foo(object):
def __getitem__(self, key):
print('__getitem__', key) def __setitem__(self, key, value):
print('__setitem__', key, value) def __delitem__(self, key):
print('__delitem__', key)
obj = Foo()
result = obj["k1"] #自动触发执行__getitem__
obj["k2"] = "alex" #自动触发执行__setitem
del obj["k1"]

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类的特殊成员便令.py
__getitem__ k1
__setitem__ k2 alex
__delitem__ k1 Process finished with exit code 0

反射:通过字符串映射或修改程序运行时的状态、属性、方法

利用反射查看面向对象成员归属

class Foo:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def show(self):
print("show")
obj = Foo("as")
#如果是类,就可以找到类中成员,运行结果为Bool值,找到了就显示True,没找到就显示False
print(hasattr(Foo,"show"))
#如果是对象,既可以找到对象,也可以找到类中的成员
print(hasattr(obj,"name"))
print(hasattr(obj,"show"))

运行结果:

C:\python3.5\python.exe D:/python开发代码/Python之路/作业/day8/类的特殊成员便令.py
True
True
True Process finished with exit code 0

未完待续。。。。