Request
Request对象在我们写爬虫发送请求的时候调用,参数如下:
url
: 就是需要请求的urlcallback
: 指定该请求返回的Response由那个函数来处理。method
: 请求方法,默认GET方法,可设置为"GET", "POST", "PUT"等,且保证字符串大写-
headers
: 请求时,包含的头文件。一般不需要。内容一般如下:Host: media.readthedocs.org
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0
Accept: text/css,/;q=0.1
Accept-Language: zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Cookie: _ga=GA1.2.1612165614.1415584110;
Connection: keep-alive
If-Modified-Since: Mon, 25 Aug 2014 21:59:35
GMT Cache-Control: max-age=0
-
meta
: 在不同的解析函数之间传递数据使用的。字典dict型# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from TencentHR.items import TencenthrItem
class HrSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'hr'
# allowed_domains = ['ddd']
start_urls = ['https://hr.tencent.com/position.php']
def parse(self, response):
trs = response.xpath('//table[@class="tablelist"]/tr[@class="odd"] | //table[@class="tablelist"]/tr[@class="even"]')
# print(len(trs))
for tr in trs:
items = TencenthrItem()
detail_url = tr.xpath('./td/a/@href').extract()[0]
items['position_name'] = tr.xpath('./td/a/text()').extract()[0]
try:
items['position_type'] = tr.xpath('./td[2]/text()').extract()[0]
except:
print("{}职位没有类型,url为{}".format(items['position_name'], "https://hr.tencent.com/" + detail_url))
items['position_type'] = None
items['position_num'] = tr.xpath('./td[3]/text()').extract()[0]
items['publish_time'] = tr.xpath('./td[5]/text()').extract()[0]
items['work_addr'] = tr.xpath('./td[4]/text()').extract()[0]
detail_url = 'https://hr.tencent.com/' + detail_url
yield scrapy.Request(detail_url,
comallback=self.parse_detail,
meta={"items":items}
)
next_url = response.xpath('//a[text()="下一页"]/@href').extract_first()
next_url = 'https://hr.tencent.com/' + next_url
print(next_url)
yield scrapy.Request(next_url,
callback=self.parse
)
def parse_detail(self,response):
items = response.meta['items']
items["work_duty"] = response.xpath('//table[@class="tablelist textl"]/tr[3]//li/text()').extract()
items["work_require"] =response.xpath('//table[@class="tablelist textl"]/tr[4]//li/text()').extract()
yield items encoding
: 使用默认的 'utf-8' 就行。dont_filter
: 表明该请求不由调度器过滤。这是当你想使用多次执行相同的请求,忽略重复的过滤器。默认为False。errback
: 指定错误处理函数
Response
Response属性和可以调用的方法
meta
: 从其他解析函数传递过来的meta
属性,可以保持多个解析函数之间的数据连接encoding
: 返回当前字符串编码和编码的格式text
: 返回Unicode字符串body
: 返回bytes字符串xpath
: 可以调用xpath方法解析数据css
: 调用css选择器解析数据
发送POST请求
当我们需要发送Post请求的时候,就调用Request中的子类
FormRequest
来实现,如果需要在爬虫一开始的时候就发送post
请求,那么需要在爬虫类中重写start_requests(self)
方法, 并且不再调用start_urls
中的url-
案例 登录豆瓣网
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
class TestSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'login'
allowed_domains = ['www.douban.com']
# start_urls = ['http://www.baidu.com/']
def start_requests(self):
login_url = "https://accounts.douban.com/j/mobile/login/basic"
headers = {
'Referer': 'https://accounts.douban.com/passport/login_popup?login_source=anony',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36'
}
formdata = {
'ck': '',
'name': 用户名,
'password': 密码,
'remember': 'true',
'ticket': ''
}
request = scrapy.FormRequest(login_url, callback=self.parse, formdata=formdata, headers=headers)
yield request
def parse(self, response):
print(response.text) -
返回结果,可以看到登录成功了
{"status":"success","message":"success","description":"处理成功","payload":{"account_info":{"name":"仅此而已","weixin_binded":false,"phone":"手机号","avatar":{"medium":"https://img3.doubanio.com\/icon\/user_large.jpg","median":"https://img1.doubanio.com\/icon\/user_normal.jpg","large":"https://img3.doubanio.com\/icon\/user_large.jpg","raw":"https://img3.doubanio.com\/icon\/user_large.jpg","small":"https://img1.doubanio.com\/icon\/user_normal.jpg","icon":"https://img3.doubanio.com\/pics\/icon\/user_icon.jpg"},"id":"193317985","uid":"193317985"}}}
登录成功之后请求个人主页,可以看到我们可以访问登录之后的页面了
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy class TestSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'login'
allowed_domains = ['www.douban.com']
# start_urls = ['http://www.baidu.com/'] def start_requests(self):
login_url = "https://accounts.douban.com/j/mobile/login/basic"
headers = {
'Referer': 'https://accounts.douban.com/passport/login_popup?login_source=anony',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36'
}
formdata = {
'ck': '',
'name': 用户名,
'password': 密码,
'remember': 'true',
'ticket': ''
}
request = scrapy.FormRequest(login_url, callback=self.parse, formdata=formdata, headers=headers)
yield request def parse(self, response):
print(response.text)
# 登录成功之后访问个人主页
url = "https://www.douban.com/people/193317985/"
yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse_detail) def parse_detail(self, response):
print(response.text)