自动化selenium开发

一、开发环境搭建

1、Firefox浏览器

1.1 下载firefix并安装。

1.2 Firefox中打开"开始菜单“ -> ”开发者“ -> ”获取更多工具“ -> 搜索并安装firebug.

安装完成之后，Firefox中鼠标右键选择”使用firebug查看元素“

1.3 Python中安装selenium库

cmd中输入pip install selenium

1.4 Python中调用selenium

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Firefox()
broser.quit()

2、chrome浏览器

2.1 下载chrome并安装。

2.2 下载chromedirver.exe

2.3 拷贝chromedriver.exe至chrome安装路径（安装路径可以右键桌面chrome，查看具体安装路径）

2.4 将如上chrome安装路径添加环境变量

二、webdriver的API与定位元素

1、打开网页

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://www.baidu.com')

2、判断网页是否打开正确方法：

• brower.title

• browser.current_url

3、网页后退：

• browser.back()

4、网页最大化

• browser.maximize_window()

2、元素的定位

• xpath定位元素

通过元素和属性进行定位，是W3C的一个标准，已如下html页面为例，说明xpath的使用

绝对路径方法：

定位到firstname对话框，语法如下

ele1 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/form/input[1]')

定位到lastname对话框

ele2 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/form/input[2]')

可通过get_attribute获取元素属性

ele1.get_attribute('name')

相对路径（扫描整个文档）方法：　　

ele1 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//input[1]')
ele1.get_attribute('name')

打印结果：

u'firstname'

ele2 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//input[2]')
ele2.get_attribute('name')

打印结果：

u'lastname‘　　

注：运行如下语句报错

ele3 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//input[3]')

获取父节点：　　

ele = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//form//input')
ele.get_attribute('name')

ele2 = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//form//..')
ele2.tag_name

运行结果：

u'fistname'　　

u'body'　　

所有元素中具有xx属性：

ele = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@name="lastname"]')
ele.get_attribute('name')

运行结果：　　

u'lastname'　　

• css selector

麦子学院的搜索框

使用firebug查看

复制其xpath，可按如下方式查找

ele = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('html body div.microoh-main header.navbar.navbar-default.navbar-fixed-top.affix-top div.container div#microoh-navbar-collapse.collapse.navbar-collapse form.navbar-form.navbar-left div.form-group input#search.form-control')

还可以使用input进行查找

ele = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('input[id="search"]')

　　

三、鼠标和键盘事件

使用前需要导入的类以及方法：

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://maiziedu.com/')

#定位到“企业直通班”
ele = b.find_element_by_xpath(r'/html/body/div[5]/header/div/div[2]/ul[1]/li[1]/a')
#鼠标移动至“企业直通班”
ActionChains(browser).move_to_element(ele).perform()
#定位子元素“软件测试"
ele_sub = b.find_element_by_xpath(r'/html/body/div[5]/header/div/div[2]/ul[1]/li[1]/div/a[17]')
ele_sub.click()

之所以使用xpath进行定位，因为个人python版本为2.7.9,python3.0版本，可以直接使用find_element_by_link_text('企业直通班’） and find_element_by_link_text('软件测试')

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

b = webdriver.Firefox()
b.get('http://maiziedu.com/')

ele = b.find_element_by_id('search')
ele.send_keys('python')
ele.clear()
ele.send_keys('python1')
ele.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)
ele.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'a')
ele.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'x')
ele.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'v')

四、对话框处理与登录测试

from selenium import webdriver
import time

xpath = r'/html/body/div[5]/header/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/a[1]'
account = r'[e-mail]'
pwd = r'*******'

def account_login():
    b = webdriver.Firefox()
    b.get('http://maiziedu.com/')
    time.sleep(3)
    b.maximize_window()

    ele = b.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
    ele.click()
    time.sleep(1)

    ac_ele = b.find_element_by_id('id_account_l')
    ac_ele.clear()
    ac_ele.send_keys(account)
    pwd_ele = b.find_element_by_id('id_password_l')
    pwd_ele.clear()
    pwd_ele.send_keys(pwd)
    b.find_element_by_id('login_btn').click()
    time.sleep(4)

    try:
        b.find_element_by_id('login-form-tips')
        print("account login error!")
    except:
        print("account login pass!")

    time.sleep(4)
    b.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    account_login()

五、多窗口切换　　

from selenium import webdriver
tmp = webdriver.Firefox()
tmp.get('http://www.baidu.com')

#input python and click search
ele_kw = tmp.find_element_by_id('kw')
ele_kw.send_keys('python')
ele_su = tmp.find_element_by_id('su')
ele_su.click()

#click one of search text
tmp.find_element_by_link_text('Welcome to Python.org').click()

#list all window_handle
tmp.window_handles

#display current window_handle
tmp.current_window_handle

#switch window_handle
tmp.switch_to_window(tmp.window_handle[0])
tmp.swithc_to_window(tmp.window_handle[1])

需要识记如下方法：

current_window_handle：当前句柄

window_handles:列出所有句柄

switch_to_window():切换句柄　　

六、测试脚本中等待方法　　

等待的目的：使脚本更稳定的运行

说明：第一个函数设置所有的等待时间

第二个设置一个等待时间

help（WebDriverWait)

class WebDriverWait(__builtin__.object)
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, driver, timeout, poll_frequency=0.5, ignored_exceptions=None)
 |      Constructor, takes a WebDriver instance and timeout in seconds.
 |
 |      :Args:
 |       - driver - Instance of WebDriver (Ie, Firefox, Chrome or Remote)
 |       - timeout - Number of seconds before timing out
 |       - poll_frequency - sleep interval between calls
 |         By default, it is 0.5 second.
 |       - ignored_exceptions - iterable structure of exception classes ignored during calls.
 |         By default, it contains NoSuchElementException only.

还需要调用两个方法：

• until(self, method, message='') | Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is not False. 说明：调用方法，直到这个方法返回真；否则timeout后报错

• until_not(self, method, message='') | Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is False.

说明：调用方法，直到这个方法返回假；否则timeout后报错

测试代码如下：

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

b = webdriver.Firefox()
b.get('http://maiziedu.com/')
b.maximize_window()

ele = WebDriverWait(b,10).until(lambda b:b.find_element_by_xpath(xpath))
# ele = b.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
ele.click()

七、alter对话框处理　　

　

八、测试用例设计

　

九、测试用例模块化

改写代码如下：

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
import time

URL = 'http://maiziedu.com'
xpath = r'/html/body/div[5]/header/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/a[1]'
class_name = r'visible-md visible-lg'
account = '[e-mail]'
pwd = '********'

def openBrowser():
    browser_handle = webdriver.Firefox()
    return browser_handle

def loadUrl(browser,URL):
    browser.get(URL)
    browser.maximize_window()
    time.sleep(3)

def findElement(browser,**args):
    if 'login_name' in args:
        ele_login = WebDriverWait(browser,10).until(lambda browser:browser.find_element_by_xpath((args['login_name'])))
        ele_login.click()
    ele_account = browser.find_element_by_id(args['account_name'])
    ele_pwd = browser.find_element_by_id(args['pwd_name'])
    ele_login_btn = browser.find_element_by_id(args['login_id'])
    return ele_account,ele_pwd,ele_login_btn

def sendVal(ele_tuple,args):
    listkey = ['username','password']
    i = 0
    for key in listkey:
        ele_tuple[i].send_keys('')
        ele_tuple[i].clear()
        ele_tuple[i].send_keys(args[key])
        i += 1
    ele_tuple[2].click()

def account_login():
    b = openBrowser()
    loadUrl(b,URL)

    ele_dict = {'login_name':xpath,'account_name':'id_account_l','pwd_name':'id_password_l','login_id':'login_btn'}
    ele_tuple = findElement(b,**ele_dict)

    user_dict = {'username':account,'password':pwd}
    sendVal(ele_tuple,user_dict)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    account_login()

十、测试从文件导入　　

将如上代码中webinfo和userinfo分离

webinfo.txt如下

url=http://www.maiziedu.com/
text_xpath=r'/html/body/div[5]/header/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/a[1]'
userid=id_account_l
pwdid=id_password_l
loginid=login_btn

使用userdata.py处理webinfo.txt，代码如下：

def get_webinfo(path):
    web_info = {}
    config = open(path)
    for line in config:
        result = [ele.strip() for ele in line.split('=')]
        web_info.update(dict([result]))

    return web_info

if __name__ == '__main__':
    info = get_webinfo('webinfo.txt')
    print(info)
    # for key in info:
    #     print(key,info[key])

对其中strip函数的说明：

s为字符串，rm为要删除的字符序列

s.strip(rm)        删除s字符串中开头、结尾处，位于 rm删除序列的字符

s.lstrip(rm)       删除s字符串中开头处，位于 rm删除序列的字符

s.rstrip(rm)      删除s字符串中结尾处，位于 rm删除序列的字符

eg:

a = '   123'
a.strip()

a = '\t\tabcd'
a.strip()

打印结果：

‘123’

‘abcd'

userinfo.txt如下：

username=[e-mail] password=****

在如上userdata.py中，添加对userinfo.txt处理函数：

def get_webinfo(path):
    web_info = {}
    config = open(path)
    for line in config:
        result = [ele.strip() for ele in line.split('=')]
        web_info.update(dict([result]))

    return web_info

def get_userinfo(path):
    user_info = []
    config = open(path)
    for line in config:
        user_dict = {}
        result = [ele.strip() for ele in line.split(' ')]
        for r in result:
            account = [ele.strip() for ele in r.split('=')]
            user_dict.update(dict([account]))
        # print user_dict
        user_info.append(user_dict)
        # print user_info

    return user_info
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # info = get_webinfo('webinfo.txt')
    # print(info)
    # for key in info:
    #     print(key,info[key])
    info = get_userinfo('userinfo.txt')
    # for key in info:
    #     print(key,info[key])
    print type(info)
    print info

主程序作如下修改：

#encoding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
import time
from userdata import get_webinfo,get_userinfo

def openBrowser():
    browser_handle = webdriver.Firefox()
    return browser_handle

def loadUrl(browser,URL):
    browser.get(URL)
    browser.maximize_window()
    time.sleep(3)

def findElement(browser,args):
    if 'text_xpath' in args:
        ele_login = WebDriverWait(browser,10).until(lambda browser:browser.find_element_by_xpath(args['text_xpath']))
        ele_login.click()
    ele_account = browser.find_element_by_id(args['userid'])
    ele_pwd = browser.find_element_by_id(args['pwdid'])
    ele_login_btn = browser.find_element_by_id(args['loginid'])
    return ele_account,ele_pwd,ele_login_btn

def sendVal(ele_tuple,args):
    listkey = ['username','password']
    i = 0
    for key in listkey:
        ele_tuple[i].send_keys('')
        ele_tuple[i].clear()
        ele_tuple[i].send_keys(args[key])
        i += 1
    ele_tuple[2].click()

def check_result(handle):
　　time.sleep(3)
    try:
        ele = handle.find_element_by_id('login-form-tips')
        print(id(ele))
        print('login error!')
        print(ele.text)
    except:
        print('login passs!')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    b = openBrowser()
    webinfo_dict = get_webinfo('webinfo.txt')
    print webinfo_dict
    loadUrl(b,webinfo_dict['url'])

    # ele_dict = {'login_name':xpath,'account_name':'id_account_l','pwd_name':'id_password_l','login_id':'login_btn'}
    ele_tuple = findElement(b,webinfo_dict)

    userinfo_dict = get_userinfo('userinfo.txt')
    print userinfo_dict
    # user_dict = {'username':account,'password':pwd}
    for each in userinfo_dict:
        sendVal(ele_tuple,each)

    check_result(b)

十一、增加测试报告接口　　

　　

module.py代码如下：

#coding=utf-8
import time
import os

class Loginfo(object):
    def __init__(self,path = '',mode = 'w'):
        fname = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d',time.gmtime())
        path_current = os.path.join(path,(fname + '.txt'))
        self.log = open(path_current,mode)

    def write_log(self,msg):
        self.log.write(msg)

    def close_log(self):
        self.log.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    log = Loginfo(r'D:\360Downloads')
    log.write_log('www.baidu.com')
    log.close_log()

主程序作如下修改（其余部分同上）：

def check_result(handle,log,args):
    time.sleep(3)
    try:
        ele = handle.find_element_by_id('login-form-tips')
        print('login error!')
        msg = '%s %s:error %s' %(args['username'],args['password'],ele.text())
        log.write_log(msg)
    except:
        print('login passs!')
        msg = '%s %s:pass' %(args['username'],args['password'])
        log.write_log(msg)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    b = openBrowser()
    log = Loginfo()
    webinfo_dict = get_webinfo('webinfo.txt')
    # print webinfo_dict
    loadUrl(b,webinfo_dict['url'])

    # ele_dict = {'login_name':xpath,'account_name':'id_account_l','pwd_name':'id_password_l','login_id':'login_btn'}
    ele_tuple = findElement(b,webinfo_dict)

    userinfo_dict = get_userinfo('userinfo.txt')
    # print userinfo_dict
    # user_dict = {'username':account,'password':pwd}
    for each in userinfo_dict:
        sendVal(ele_tuple,each)
        check_result(b,log,each)
    log.close_log()

    time.sleep(3)
    b.quit()