1.fdisk：磁盘分区工具
该命令是linux下常用的磁盘分区工具，但是只能给小于2TB的磁盘划分分区。
常用参数为-l，显示所有磁盘分区的信息。
示例：
1）显示磁盘分区列表
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# fdisk -l # 查看当前系统的所有磁盘分区信息
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, bytes # 磁盘/dev/sda的大小
heads, sectors/track, cylinders # 255个虚拟磁头，63个扇区/磁道，2610个柱面
Units = cylinders of * = bytes # 一个柱面的大小为8225280bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): bytes / bytes #每个扇区的字节数
I/O size (minimum/optimal): bytes / bytes # 每次读写的字节数
Disk identifier: 0x0000db9b Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2 * Linux
说明：Device表示分区；Boot表示启动分区，用*表示；Start表示开始的柱面；End表示结束的柱面；Blocks表示快数量；Id表示分区类型Id；System表示分区类型。
2）模拟分区实战
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb # 不加参数，直接接设备名就可以进行分区
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x784b7b62.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (-)
p
Partition number (-):
First cylinder (-, default ):
Using default value
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ): +100M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: MB, bytes
heads, sectors/track, cylinders
Units = cylinders of * = bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): bytes / bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): bytes / bytes
Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 + Linux Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (-)
e
Partition number (-):
First cylinder (-, default ):
Using default value
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ):
Using default value Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: MB, bytes
heads, sectors/track, cylinders
Units = cylinders of * = bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): bytes / bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): bytes / bytes
Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 + Linux
/dev/sdb2 Extended
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical ( or over)
p primary partition (-)
p
Partition number (-):
No free sectors available Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical ( or over)
p primary partition (-)
l
First cylinder (-, default ):
Using default value
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ): +400M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: MB, bytes
heads, sectors/track, cylinders
Units = cylinders of * = bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): bytes / bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): bytes / bytes
Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 + Linux
/dev/sdb2 Extended
/dev/sdb5 + Linux Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical ( or over)
p primary partition (-)
l
First cylinder (-, default ):
Using default value
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ):
Using default value Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: MB, bytes
heads, sectors/track, cylinders
Units = cylinders of * = bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): bytes / bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): bytes / bytes
Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 + Linux
/dev/sdb2 Extended
/dev/sdb5 + Linux
/dev/sdb6 + Linux Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb # 执行该命令通知内核分区表已更新，不需要重启系统就可以让分区生效
格式化磁盘
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41. (-May-)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小= (log=)
分块大小= (log=)
Stride= blocks, Stripe width= blocks
inodes, blocks
blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=
Maximum filesystem blocks=
block groups
blocks per group, fragments per group
inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
, , , , 正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal ( blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every mounts or
days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
挂载磁盘
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 ext4 % /
tmpfs tmpfs % /dev/shm
/dev/sr0 iso9660 % /media/CentOS_6.8_Final
/dev/sdb1 ext4 % /mnt
2.partprobe：更新内核的硬盘分区表信息
该命令用于在硬盘分区发生变化时，更新内核的硬盘分区表数据，可以在不重启系统时就更新分区表信息。
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
3.parted：磁盘分区工具
该命令用于对大于2TB的磁盘进行分区，并且要将磁盘转换为GPT格式。
常用的参数选项为-l，显示所有磁盘分区的信息。
通过parted -h或者直接通过parted进入交互模式后通过-h查看帮助。
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# parted
GNU Parted 2.1
使用 /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) h
align-check TYPE N
check NUMBER
cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER
help [COMMAND]
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE # 创建分区表
mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END # 创建分区
mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END # 创建带有文件系统的分区
move NUMBER START END
name NUMBER NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] # 显示分区表信息
quit
rescue START END
resize NUMBER START END
rm NUMBER # 删除编号NUMBER的分区
select DEVICE
set NUMBER FLAG STATE
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]
unit UNIT
version
(parted)
示例：
1）显示分区情况
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# parted -l
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) # 磁盘类型
Disk /dev/sda: .5GB # 磁盘大小
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B # 扇区大小
Partition Table: msdos # 分区表类型 Number Start End Size Type File system 标志
1049kB 8591MB 8590MB primary linux-swap(v1)
8591MB .5GB .9GB primary ext4 启动
2）模拟分区实战
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# parted /dev/sdb # parted直接接需要分区的设备
GNU Parted 2.1
使用 /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel gpt # 为sdb磁盘创建GPT分区表，大于2TB的磁盘必须执行这一步
(parted) mkpart primary # 创建主分区，500M
警告: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
忽略/Ignore/放弃/Cancel? Ignore # 忽略警告
(parted) p # 显示分区表信息
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name 标志
.4kB 500MB 500MB primary (parted) mkpart logical # 创建逻辑分区，大小为500MB
(parted) p # 显示分区表信息
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name 标志
.4kB 500MB 500MB primary
501MB 1000MB 499MB logical (parted) quit # 退出
信息: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@boxiaoyuan ~]# ls /dev/sdb*
/dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
[root@bixiaoyuan ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 # 格式化
mke2fs 1.41. (-May-)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小= (log=)
分块大小= (log=)
Stride= blocks, Stripe width= blocks
inodes, blocks
blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=
Maximum filesystem blocks=
block groups
blocks per group, fragments per group
inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
, , , , , , , 正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal ( blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every mounts or
days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #挂载
4.mkfs：创建linux文件系统
该命令用于在指定的设备或者分区上创建格式化并创建文件系统。
常用的参数有-t：指定要创建的文件系统类型，也可以直接使用mkfs.ext4创建ext4文件系统。
5.df：报告文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况
该命令用于显示文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况。
| 参数 | 说明 |
| -h（常用） | 以容易理解的格式显示磁盘的使用情况 |
| -i（常用） | 显示文件系统的inode信息 |
| -T（常用） | 列出文件系统的类型 |
示例：
1）显示磁盘的使用情况
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 % /
tmpfs % /dev/shm
2）-h选项
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 12G .2G .0G % /
tmpfs 931M 72K 931M % /dev/shm
3）列出文件系统的类型
[root@boxiaoyuan ~]# df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 ext4 % /
tmpfs tmpfs % /dev/shm
注：本文内容为《跟老男孩学linux运维 核心系统命令实践》的学习笔记。