java内部类技术提炼

时间:2023-03-08 15:51:46

时间:2016.07.28,2016.07.29

参考书籍:《Thinking in Java》、《Effective Java》

备注:这篇文章并不打算介绍内部类相关的一切技术细节,在《Thinking in Java》里已经介绍的很详细了,我只想重点谈谈一些我所了解的内部类的应用。顺便提纲挈领的对《Thinking in Java》相应章节作一定总结。

一些提炼:

一.真正的内部类

1.内部类拥有其外部类的所有元素(方法和字段)的访问权(原理在于Java默认做到了:当某个外围类的对象创建了一个内部类对象时,此内部类对象必定会秘密地捕获一个指向那个外围类对象的引用。)

2.内部类的创建:

(1)首先,最直接创建内部类的地方只能是在外部类的方法里。

(2)外部类可以写一个工厂方法来返回创建的内部类。

一种形式是这样:OuterClass.InnerClass innerClass = outerClass.getInner();

package cn.j;

/**
* @ClassName: OutClass
* @Description: thinking in java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-28 下午9:37:59
* @version 1.0
*/
public class OutClass {
private int outValue = 1; InnerClass getInner() {
return new InnerClass();
} public void outSay(){
System.out.println("from out function.");
} class InnerClass {
public void innerSay() {
System.out.println("I am inner,and out value = " + outValue);
outSay();
}
} public static void main(String[] args) {
OutClass outClass = new OutClass();
OutClass.InnerClass innerClass = outClass.getInner();
innerClass.innerSay();
}
}

(3)如果内部类实现了某个接口Inter,则可以  Inter innerClass = outerClass.getInner();

这便是内部类的向上造型

package cn.j;

interface Inter{
public void innerSay();
} /**
* @ClassName: OutClass
* @Description: thinking in java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-28 下午9:37:59
* @version 1.0
*/
public class OutClass {
private int outValue = 1; InnerClass getInner() {
return new InnerClass();
} public void outSay(){
System.out.println("from out function.");
} class InnerClass implements Inter{
@Override
public void innerSay() {
System.out.println("I am inner,and out value = " + outValue);
outSay();
}
} public static void main(String[] args) {
OutClass outClass = new OutClass();
Inter innerClass = outClass.getInner();
innerClass.innerSay();
}
}

3.在方法内的内部类,局部内部类:

局部内部类与一般内部类有很多相似之处,在于其对外部类的访问权限上。不同之处,在于对于局部内部类的创建,只能在包含该类的方法之上。

package cn.j;

public class TestLocalInnerClass {
public int int00 = 1;
public void outFunc(){
System.out.println("I am Outter class");
}
public void func1(){
class InnerLocalClass{
public void say(){
System.out.println("I am InnerLocalClass value:" + int00);
outFunc();
}
}
InnerLocalClass ilc = new InnerLocalClass();
ilc.say();
}
public static void main(String[] args){
TestLocalInnerClass tlic = new TestLocalInnerClass();
tlic.func1();
}
}

4.匿名内部类:

要我来做匿名内部类的示例的话,非常简单:

package cn.j;
/**
* @ClassName: MyAnonymousInterface
* @Description: Thinking in Java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-29 下午8:26:52
* @version 1.0
*/
class MyInnerClass {
private String msg = "A";
public void say(){
System.out.println("I am MyInnerClass" + msg);
}
}
public class AnonymousClassTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
new MyInnerClass().say();
}
}
package cn.j;
/**
* @ClassName: MyAnonymousInterface
* @Description: Thinking in Java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-29 下午8:26:52
* @version 1.0
*/
interface MyAnonymousInterface{
public void say();
}
public class AnonymousClassTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
new MyAnonymousInterface(){
private String msg = "A";
public void say(){
System.out.println("I am MyAnonymousInterface" + msg);
}
}.say();
}
}

先看看第一个示例,再看看第二个示例,很容易看出其中玄机。匿名内部类其实都是,通过new表达式来直接实现一个接口。在这个过程中插入一个类的定义后立刻便new出这个类并使用它。

之前看到类似这样的创建线程的写法,当时还觉得很nb,其实如果熟悉匿名内部类了,再看真的很easy。这种写法可能就是为了装b吧。具体原理在于Thread的创建可以是以一个实现了Runnable接口的类作为参数的,而这个实现了Runnable接口的类在这里以匿名内部类来实现。

总体来讲,配合上面示例1,然后示例2,再加上对Thread创建方式的理解,便可以完全了解下面的代码:

        new Thread(new Runnable()
{
public void run()
{
while (true)
{
System.out.println("fu波多野结衣ck");
}
}
}).start();

有一点要补充一 下:局部内部类和匿名内部类能且只能访问局部final变量:

类似这样的效果:

package cn.j;

public class TestLocalInnerClass {
public void func1(){
final int localV = 3;
class InnerLocalClass{
public void say(){
System.out.println("I am InnerLocalClass value:" + localV);
}
}
InnerLocalClass ilc = new InnerLocalClass();
ilc.say();
}
public static void main(String[] args){
TestLocalInnerClass tlic = new TestLocalInnerClass();
tlic.func1();
}
}

5.嵌套类(static修饰的内部类):

(1)You don't need an outer-class object in order to create an object of a nested class.

(2)You can't  access a non-static outer-class object from an object of a nested class.

看不懂Thinking in java的英文,看下面的代码也懂了。

package cn.j;

/**
* @ClassName: NestedClassTest
* @Description: Thinking in Java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-29 下午9:33:28
* @version 1.0
*/
public class NestedClassTest {
private int outV00 = 1;
public static int outV01 = 1;
public void outSay00(){
System.out.println("out say");
}
public static void outSay01(){
System.out.println("out static say");
}
public static class NestedC00 {
private int intV00;
public void innerFunc(){
intV00 = outV01;
outSay01();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
NestedC00 nc00 = new NestedC00();
nc00.innerFunc();
}
}

6.接口中的类

接口中的类类似于嵌套类的情况,本身和接口没有本质联系(默认public static),只是处于其命名空间之下

package cn.j;

import cn.j.ClassInInterface.Test;

interface ClassInInterface {
void func00();
class Test implements ClassInInterface {
@Override
public void func00() {
System.out.println("Howdy");
}
}
}
/**
* @ClassName: ClassInInterfaceTest
* @Description: Thinking in Java
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-29 下午9:45:08
* @version 1.0
*/
public class ClassInInterfaceTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
test.func00();
}
}

我所知道的内部类的几个应用:

1.《Effective Java》第二章第2条,讲到使用嵌套类完成构建器设计模式。

package cn.j;

public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbonhydrate; public static class Builder {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings; private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
private int carbonhydrate = 0; public Builder(int servingSize,int serving){
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = serving;
} public Builder calories(int val){
this.calories = val;
return this;
} public Builder fat(int val){
this.fat = val;
return this;
} public Builder carbonhyate(int val){
this.carbonhydrate = val;
return this;
} public Builder sodium(int val){
this.sodium = val;
return this;
} public NutritionFacts build(){
return new NutritionFacts(this);
}
} private NutritionFacts(Builder builder){
servingSize = builder.servingSize;
servings = builder.servings;
calories = builder.calories;
fat = builder.fat;
sodium = builder.sodium;
carbonhydrate = builder.carbonhydrate;
} public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocacola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240,80).calories(100).sodium(35).carbonhyate(27).build();
}
}

结合代码来看,如果单纯用构造函数来初始化那些参数的话,会比较麻烦,而难以阅读,使用易于出错。

例如new Test(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);这种写法。

上述代码的形式,NutritionFacts cocacola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240,80).calories(100).sodium(35).carbonhyate(27).build();可读性非常强。builder模式模拟了具名的可选参数。

2. 项目中遇到的,自定义注解实现前后台参数校验,用到了内部类:

package sonn.sonnannotation;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; import javax.validation.Constraint;
import javax.validation.ConstraintValidator;
import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
import javax.validation.Payload; import sonn.util.StringUtill; /**
* @ClassName: IsValidString
* @Description: 自定义注解实现前后台参数校验,判断是否包含非法字符
* @author 无名
* @date 2016-7-25 下午8:22:58
* @version 1.0
*/
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Constraint(validatedBy = IsValidString.ValidStringChecker.class)
@Documented
public @interface IsValidString
{
String message() default "The string is invalid."; Class<?>[] groups() default {}; Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default{}; class ValidStringChecker implements ConstraintValidator<IsValidString,String>
{ @Override
public void initialize(IsValidString arg0)
{
} @Override
public boolean isValid(String strValue, ConstraintValidatorContext context)
{
if(StringUtill.isStringEmpty(strValue))
{
return true;
}
if(strValue.contains("<"))
{
return false;
}
return true;
} }
}

具体内容可以参考我的博文:http://blog.****.net/sonnadolf/article/details/52040017

3.之前提到的,匿名内部类创建线程的写法。其实很多时候都可以采用匿名内部类方式实现接口,直接new一个类来使用。只是大家不熟悉这个用法罢了。

spring源码实例化singleton bean的代码:

            // Create bean instance.
if (mbd.isSingleton()) {
sharedInstance = getSingleton(beanName, new ObjectFactory() {
public Object getObject() throws BeansException {
try {
return createBean(beanName, mbd, args);
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
// Explicitly remove instance from singleton cache: It might have been put there
// eagerly by the creation process, to allow for circular reference resolution.
// Also remove any beans that received a temporary reference to the bean.
destroySingleton(beanName);
throw ex;
}
}
});

4.java jdk的线程池的Executors类,用到了嵌套类。

类似这样:

public class Executors {
..........
static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
..........
}
..........
}

5.非常非常重要的一点,内部类是tmd可以弥补java无法多继承缺点的啊。虽然我觉得有点扯淡。因为java本身不支持多继承。用内部类不知算什么……