Oracle用户密码认证方式

时间:2023-03-08 16:34:07
Oracle用户密码认证方式

oracle用户有两种认证方式:

  • 操作系统认证(要求该用户属于本地DBA组,然后通过操作系统认证登录oracle,从而启动数据库)
  • 密码文件认证

oracle使用哪种认证方式决定在于两个参数:

1.remote_login_passwordfile=none|exclusive|shared

  • none:不使用密码文件认证。如果选择了这个值,就相当于屏蔽了密码文件的内容了。
  • exclusive:要密码文件认证,自己独占使用(默认值)
  • shared:要密码文件认证,不同实例dba用户可以共享密码文件

2.位于$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=none|all|nts

  • none:关闭操作系统认证,只能密码认证
  • all:用于linux/unix平台,关闭本机密码文件认证,采用操作系统认证
  • nts:用于windows平台

测试远程登录的时候密码文件丢失情况

$ rm -rf $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw$ORACLE_SID

$ sqlplus sys/mypna123@userdata as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep  :: 

Copyright (c) , , Oracle.  All Rights Reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: $ orapwd file=orapw$ORACLE_SID password=mypna123 entries= $ sqlplus sys/mypna123@userdata as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep :: Copyright (c) , , Oracle. All Rights Reserved. Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4. - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SYS@userdata>

可以看到默认配置下,丢失密码文件后,不可以远程登录数据库,只可以本地系统认证后登录数据库

测试remote_login_passwordfile为exclusive,AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES为none的情况

SYS@userdata>show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;

NAME                     TYPE                   VALUE
------------------------------------ --------------------------------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE $ echo "SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=NONE" >> $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora $ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep :: Copyright (c) , , Oracle. All Rights Reserved. ERROR:
ORA-: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: $ sqlplus sys/mypna123@userdata as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep :: Copyright (c) , , Oracle. All Rights Reserved. Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4. - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SYS@userdata>

可以看到在remote_login_passwordfile为exclusive,AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES为none的情况下,数据库只能使用密码文件认证方式

测试remote_login_passwordfile为exclusive,AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES为all的情况

SYS@userdata>show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;

NAME                     TYPE                   VALUE
------------------------------------ --------------------------------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE $ cat $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=ALL $ sqlplus sys/mypna123@userdata as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep :: Copyright (c) , , Oracle. All Rights Reserved. ERROR:
ORA-: Authentication service failed to initialize Enter user-name: $ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.4. - Production on Tue Sep :: Copyright (c) , , Oracle. All Rights Reserved. Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4. - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SYS@userdata>

可以看到在remote_login_passwordfile为exclusive,AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES为all的情况下本机登录只支持系统认证,不支持密码文件认证.普通用户和sys用户均不可以本地登录.但是远程登录是不受限制的.

看有哪些用户是拥有sysdba权限

SYS@userdata>grant sysdba to scott;

Grant succeeded.
SYS@userdata>select * from v$pwfile_users; USERNAME SYSDBA SYSOPER
---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------
SYS TRUE TRUE
SCOTT TRUE FALSE