A. 语法
此附录是主文档中描述的词法和语法以及不安全代码的语法扩展的摘要。这里，各语法产生式是按它们在主文档中出现的顺序列出的。
A.1 词法文法
input:
input-sectionopt
input-section:
input-section-part
input-section input-section-part
input-section-part:
input-elementsopt new-line
pp-directive
input-elements:
input-element
input-elements input-element
input-element:
whitespace
comment
token
A.1.1 行结束符
new-line:
Carriage return character (U+000D)
Line feed character (U+000A)
Carriage return character (U+000D) followed by
line feed character (U+000A)
Next
line character (U+0085)
Line separator character (U+2028)
Paragraph separator character (U+2029)
A.1.2 注释
comment:
single-line-comment
delimited-comment
single-line-comment:
//
input-charactersopt
input-characters:
input-character
input-characters input-character
input-character:
Any Unicode character except a new-line-character
new-line-character:
Carriage return character (U+000D)
Line feed character (U+000A)
Next
line character (U+0085)
Line separator character (U+2028)
Paragraph separator character (U+2029)
delimited-comment:
/*
delimited-comment-textopt
asterisks /
delimited-comment-text:
delimited-comment-section
delimited-comment-text
delimited-comment-section
delimited-comment-section:
/
asterisksopt
not-slash-or-asterisk
asterisks:
*
asterisks *
not-slash-or-asterisk:
Any Unicode character except / or *
A.1.3 空白
whitespace:
Any character with Unicode class Zs
Horizontal tab character (U+0009)
Vertical tab character (U+000B)
Form feed character (U+000C)
A.1.4 标记
token:
identifier
keyword
integer-literal
real-literal
character-literal
string-literal
operator-or-punctuator
A.1.5 Unicode 字符转义序列
unicode-escape-sequence:
\u
hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit
hex-digit
\U
hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit
hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit
hex-digit hex-digit
A.1.6 标识符
identifier:
available-identifier
@
identifier-or-keyword
available-identifier:
An identifier-or-keyword that is not a keyword
identifier-or-keyword:
identifier-start-character
identifier-part-charactersopt
identifier-start-character:
letter-character
_ (the underscore
character U+005F)
identifier-part-characters:
identifier-part-character
identifier-part-characters
identifier-part-character
identifier-part-character:
letter-character
decimal-digit-character
connecting-character
combining-character
formatting-character
letter-character:
A Unicode character of classes Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, or
Nl
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character
of classes Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, or Nl
combining-character:
A Unicode character of classes Mn or Mc
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character
of classes Mn or Mc
decimal-digit-character:
A Unicode character of the class Nd
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character
of the class Nd
connecting-character:
A Unicode character of the class Pc
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character
of the class Pc
formatting-character:
A Unicode character of the class Cf
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character
of the class Cf
A.1.7 关键字
keyword: one of
abstract as base bool break
byte case catch char checked
class const continue decimal default
delegate do double else enum
event explicit extern false finally
fixed float for foreach goto
if implicit in int interface
internal is lock long namespace
new null object operator out
override params private protected public
readonly ref return sbyte sealed
short sizeof stackalloc static string
struct switch this throw true
try typeof uint ulong unchecked
unsafe ushort using virtual void
volatile while
A.1.8 文本
literal:
boolean-literal
integer-literal
real-literal
character-literal
string-literal
null-literal
boolean-literal:
true
false
integer-literal:
decimal-integer-literal
hexadecimal-integer-literal
decimal-integer-literal:
decimal-digits integer-type-suffixopt
decimal-digits:
decimal-digit
decimal-digits decimal-digit
decimal-digit: one of
0
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
integer-type-suffix: one of
U
u L l
UL Ul uL
ul LU Lu
lU lu
hexadecimal-integer-literal:
0x hex-digits
integer-type-suffixopt
0X hex-digits
integer-type-suffixopt
hex-digits:
hex-digit
hex-digits hex-digit
hex-digit: one of
0 1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 A
B C D
E F a
b c d
e f
real-literal:
decimal-digits . decimal-digits exponent-partopt real-type-suffixopt
. decimal-digits exponent-partopt real-type-suffixopt
decimal-digits exponent-part real-type-suffixopt
decimal-digits real-type-suffix
exponent-part:
e
signopt
decimal-digits
E signopt decimal-digits
sign: one of
+
-
real-type-suffix: one of
F
f D d
M m
character-literal:
'
character '
character:
single-character
simple-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence
unicode-escape-sequence
single-character:
Any character
except ' (U+0027), \ (U+005C), and new-line-character
simple-escape-sequence: one of
\' \"
\\ \0 \a
\b \f \n
\r \t \v
hexadecimal-escape-sequence:
\x
hex-digit hex-digitopt hex-digitopt hex-digitopt
string-literal:
regular-string-literal
verbatim-string-literal
regular-string-literal:
"
regular-string-literal-charactersopt "
regular-string-literal-characters:
regular-string-literal-character
regular-string-literal-characters
regular-string-literal-character
regular-string-literal-character:
single-regular-string-literal-character
simple-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence
unicode-escape-sequence
single-regular-string-literal-character:
Any character except " (U+0022), \ (U+005C), and new-line-character
verbatim-string-literal:
@"
verbatim-string-literal-charactersopt "
verbatim-string-literal-characters:
verbatim-string-literal-character
verbatim-string-literal-characters
verbatim-string-literal-character
verbatim-string-literal-character:
single-verbatim-string-literal-character
quote-escape-sequence
single-verbatim-string-literal-character:
any character except "
quote-escape-sequence:
""
null-literal:
null
A.1.9 运算符和标点符号
operator-or-punctuator: one of
{ } [ ] ( ) . , : ;
+ - * / % & | ^ ! ~
= < > ? ?? :: ++ -- && ||
-> == != <= >= += -= *= /= %=
&= |= ^= << <<= =>
right-shift:
>|>
right-shift-assignment:
>|>=
A.1.10 预处理指令
pp-directive:
pp-declaration
pp-conditional
pp-line
pp-diagnostic
pp-region
pp-pragma
conditional-symbol:
Any identifier-or-keyword except true or false
pp-expression:
whitespaceopt
pp-or-expression whitespaceopt
pp-or-expression:
pp-and-expression
pp-or-expression whitespaceopt ||
whitespaceopt
pp-and-expression
pp-and-expression:
pp-equality-expression
pp-and-expression whitespaceopt &&
whitespaceopt
pp-equality-expression
pp-equality-expression:
pp-unary-expression
pp-equality-expression whitespaceopt ==
whitespaceopt
pp-unary-expression
pp-equality-expression whitespaceopt !=
whitespaceopt
pp-unary-expression
pp-unary-expression:
pp-primary-expression
!
whitespaceopt
pp-unary-expression
pp-primary-expression:
true
false
conditional-symbol
(
whitespaceopt
pp-expression whitespaceopt )
pp-declaration:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt define
whitespace
conditional-symbol pp-new-line
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt undef
whitespace
conditional-symbol pp-new-line
pp-new-line:
whitespaceopt
single-line-commentopt
new-line
pp-conditional:
pp-if-section pp-elif-sectionsopt pp-else-sectionopt pp-endif
pp-if-section:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt if
whitespace pp-expression pp-new-line
conditional-sectionopt
pp-elif-sections:
pp-elif-section
pp-elif-sections pp-elif-section
pp-elif-section:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt elif
whitespace pp-expression pp-new-line
conditional-sectionopt
pp-else-section:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt else
pp-new-line conditional-sectionopt
pp-endif:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt endif
pp-new-line
conditional-section:
input-section
skipped-section
skipped-section:
skipped-section-part
skipped-section skipped-section-part
skipped-section-part:
skipped-charactersopt
new-line
pp-directive
skipped-characters:
whitespaceopt not-number-sign input-charactersopt
not-number-sign:
Any input-character except #
pp-diagnostic:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt error
pp-message
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt warning
pp-message
pp-message:
new-line
whitespace input-charactersopt
new-line
pp-region:
pp-start-region conditional-sectionopt pp-end-region
pp-start-region:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt region
pp-message
pp-end-region:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt endregion
pp-message
pp-line:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt line
whitespace line-indicator pp-new-line
line-indicator:
decimal-digits whitespace file-name
decimal-digits
default
hidden
file-name:
"
file-name-characters "
file-name-characters:
file-name-character
file-name-characters file-name-character
file-name-character:
Any input-character except "
pp-pragma:
whitespaceopt # whitespaceopt pragma
whitespace pragma-body pp-new-line
pragma-body:
pragma-warning-body
pragma-warning-body:
warning
whitespace warning-action
warning
whitespace warning-action whitespace
warning-list
warning-action:
disable
restore
warning-list:
decimal-digits
warning-list whitespaceopt ,
whitespaceopt
decimal-digits
A.2 句法文法
A.2.1 基本概念
namespace-name:
namespace-or-type-name
type-name:
namespace-or-type-name
namespace-or-type-name:
identifier type-argument-listopt
namespace-or-type-name . identifier type-argument-listopt
qualified-alias-member
A.2.2 类型
type:
value-type
reference-type
type-parameter
value-type:
struct-type
enum-type
struct-type:
type-name
simple-type
nullable-type
simple-type:
numeric-type
bool
numeric-type:
integral-type
floating-point-type
decimal
integral-type:
sbyte
byte
short
ushort
int
uint
long
ulong
char
floating-point-type:
float
double
nullable-type:
non-nullable-value-type ?
non-nullable-value-type:
type
enum-type:
type-name
reference-type:
class-type
interface-type
array-type
delegate-type
class-type:
type-name
object
dynamic
string
interface-type:
type-name
rank-specifiers:
rank-specifier
rank-specifiers rank-specifier
rank-specifier:
[
dim-separatorsopt ]
dim-separators:
,
dim-separators ,
delegate-type:
type-name
type-argument-list:
<
type-arguments >
type-arguments:
type-argument
type-arguments , type-argument
type-argument:
type
type-parameter:
identifier
A.2.3 变量
variable-reference:
expression
A.2.4 表达式
argument-list:
argument
argument-list , argument
argument:
argument-nameopt
argument-value
argument-name:
identifier :
argument-value:
expression
ref
variable-reference
out
variable-reference
primary-expression:
primary-no-array-creation-expression
array-creation-expression
primary-no-array-creation-expression:
literal
simple-name
parenthesized-expression
member-access
invocation-expression
element-access
this-access
base-access
post-increment-expression
post-decrement-expression
object-creation-expression
delegate-creation-expression
anonymous-object-creation-expression
typeof-expression
checked-expression
unchecked-expression
default-value-expression
anonymous-method-expression
simple-name:
identifier type-argument-listopt
parenthesized-expression:
(
expression )
member-access:
primary-expression . identifier type-argument-listopt
predefined-type . identifier type-argument-listopt
qualified-alias-member . identifier
predefined-type: one of
bool byte char decimal double float int long
object sbyte short string uint ulong ushort
invocation-expression:
primary-expression ( argument-listopt )
element-access:
primary-no-array-creation-expression [ argument-list ]
this-access:
this
base-access:
base
.
identifier
base
[
argument-list ]
post-increment-expression:
primary-expression ++
post-decrement-expression:
primary-expression --
object-creation-expression:
new
type ( argument-listopt )
object-or-collection-initializeropt
new
type
object-or-collection-initializer
object-or-collection-initializer:
object-initializer
collection-initializer
object-initializer:
{
member-initializer-listopt
}
{
member-initializer-list , }
member-initializer-list:
member-initializer
member-initializer-list , member-initializer
member-initializer:
identifier = initializer-value
initializer-value:
expression
object-or-collection-initializer
collection-initializer:
{
element-initializer-list }
{
element-initializer-list , }
element-initializer-list:
element-initializer
element-initializer-list , element-initializer
element-initializer:
non-assignment-expression
{
expression-list }
expression-list:
expression
expression-list , expression
array-creation-expression:
new
non-array-type [ expression-list ]
rank-specifiersopt
array-initializeropt
new
array-type array-initializer
new
rank-specifier array-initializer
delegate-creation-expression:
new
delegate-type ( expression )
anonymous-object-creation-expression:
new
anonymous-object-initializer
anonymous-object-initializer:
{
member-declarator-listopt
}
{
member-declarator-list , }
member-declarator-list:
member-declarator
member-declarator-list , member-declarator
member-declarator:
simple-name
member-access
identifier = expression
typeof-expression:
typeof
(
type )
typeof (
unbound-type-name )
typeof ( void )
unbound-type-name:
identifier generic-dimension-specifieropt
identifier ::
identifier
generic-dimension-specifieropt
unbound-type-name .
identifier
generic-dimension-specifieropt
generic-dimension-specifier:
<
commasopt >
commas:
,
commas ,
checked-expression:
checked
(
expression )
unchecked-expression:
unchecked
(
expression )
default-value-expression:
default
(
type )
unary-expression:
primary-expression
+
unary-expression
-
unary-expression
!
unary-expression
~
unary-expression
pre-increment-expression
pre-decrement-expression
cast-expression
pre-increment-expression:
++
unary-expression
pre-decrement-expression:
--
unary-expression
cast-expression:
(
type ) unary-expression
multiplicative-expression:
unary-expression
multiplicative-expression * unary-expression
multiplicative-expression / unary-expression
multiplicative-expression % unary-expression
additive-expression:
multiplicative-expression
additive-expression + multiplicative-expression
additive-expression –
multiplicative-expression
shift-expression:
additive-expression
shift-expression <<
additive-expression
shift-expression right-shift additive-expression
relational-expression:
shift-expression
relational-expression < shift-expression
relational-expression > shift-expression
relational-expression <= shift-expression
relational-expression >= shift-expression
relational-expression is type
relational-expression as type
equality-expression:
relational-expression
equality-expression == relational-expression
equality-expression != relational-expression
and-expression:
equality-expression
and-expression & equality-expression
exclusive-or-expression:
and-expression
exclusive-or-expression ^ and-expression
inclusive-or-expression:
exclusive-or-expression
inclusive-or-expression | exclusive-or-expression
conditional-and-expression:
inclusive-or-expression
conditional-and-expression &&
inclusive-or-expression
conditional-or-expression:
conditional-and-expression
conditional-or-expression || conditional-and-expression
null-coalescing-expression:
conditional-or-expression
conditional-or-expression ?? null-coalescing-expression
conditional-expression:
null-coalescing-expression
null-coalescing-expression ? expression : expression
lambda-expression:
anonymous-function-signature => anonymous-function-body
anonymous-method-expression:
delegate
explicit-anonymous-function-signatureopt block
anonymous-function-signature:
explicit-anonymous-function-signature
implicit-anonymous-function-signature
explicit-anonymous-function-signature:
(
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter-listopt )
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter-list:
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter-list
,
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter
explicit-anonymous-function-parameter:
anonymous-function-parameter-modifieropt type
identifier
anonymous-function-parameter-modifier:
ref
out
implicit-anonymous-function-signature:
( implicit-anonymous-function-parameter-listopt )
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter-list:
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter-list
,
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter
implicit-anonymous-function-parameter:
identifier
anonymous-function-body:
expression
block
query-expression:
from-clause query-body
from-clause:
from
typeopt
identifier in expression
query-body:
query-body-clausesopt
select-or-group-clause
query-continuationopt
query-body-clauses:
query-body-clause
query-body-clauses query-body-clause
query-body-clause:
from-clause
let-clause
where-clause
join-clause
join-into-clause
orderby-clause
let-clause:
let
identifier = expression
where-clause:
where
boolean-expression
join-clause:
join
typeopt
identifier in expression on
expression equals expression
join-into-clause:
join
typeopt
identifier in expression on
expression equals expression into
identifier
orderby-clause:
orderby
orderings
orderings:
ordering
orderings ,
ordering
ordering:
expression ordering-directionopt
ordering-direction:
ascending
descending
select-or-group-clause:
select-clause
group-clause
select-clause:
select
expression
group-clause:
group
expression by expression
query-continuation:
into
identifier query-body
assignment:
unary-expression
assignment-operator expression
assignment-operator:
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
&=
|=
^=
<<=
right-shift-assignment
expression:
non-assignment-expression
assignment
non-assignment-expression:
conditional-expression
lambda-expression
query-expression
constant-expression:
expression
boolean-expression:
expression
A.2.5 语句
statement:
labeled-statement
declaration-statement
embedded-statement
embedded-statement:
block
empty-statement
expression-statement
selection-statement
iteration-statement
jump-statement
try-statement
checked-statement
unchecked-statement
lock-statement
using-statement
yield-statement
block:
{
statement-listopt }
statement-list:
statement
statement-list statement
empty-statement:
;
labeled-statement:
identifier :
statement
declaration-statement:
local-variable-declaration ;
local-constant-declaration ;
local-variable-declaration:
local-variable-type
local-variable-declarators
local-variable-type:
type
var
local-variable-declarators:
local-variable-declarator
local-variable-declarators , local-variable-declarator
local-variable-declarator:
identifier
identifier = local-variable-initializer
local-variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer
local-constant-declaration:
const
type constant-declarators
constant-declarators:
constant-declarator
constant-declarators , constant-declarator
constant-declarator:
identifier = constant-expression
expression-statement:
statement-expression ;
statement-expression:
invocation-expression
object-creation-expression
assignment
post-increment-expression
post-decrement-expression
pre-increment-expression
pre-decrement-expression
selection-statement:
if-statement
switch-statement
if-statement:
if ( boolean-expression )
embedded-statement
if ( boolean-expression )
embedded-statement else embedded-statement
switch-statement:
switch
(
expression ) switch-block
switch-block:
{
switch-sectionsopt }
switch-sections:
switch-section
switch-sections switch-section
switch-section:
switch-labels statement-list
switch-labels:
switch-label
switch-labels switch-label
switch-label:
case
constant-expression :
default
:
iteration-statement:
while-statement
do-statement
for-statement
foreach-statement
while-statement:
while
(
boolean-expression ) embedded-statement
do-statement:
do
embedded-statement while (
boolean-expression ) ;
for-statement:
for
(
for-initializeropt ; for-conditionopt ;
for-iteratoropt ) embedded-statement
for-initializer:
local-variable-declaration
statement-expression-list
for-condition:
boolean-expression
for-iterator:
statement-expression-list
statement-expression-list:
statement-expression
statement-expression-list , statement-expression
foreach-statement:
foreach
(
local-variable-type
identifier in expression )
embedded-statement
jump-statement:
break-statement
continue-statement
goto-statement
return-statement
throw-statement
break-statement:
break
;
continue-statement:
continue
;
goto-statement:
goto
identifier ;
goto case
constant-expression ;
goto
default
;
return-statement:
return
expressionopt ;
throw-statement:
throw
expressionopt ;
try-statement:
try
block catch-clauses
try
block finally-clause
try
block catch-clauses finally-clause
catch-clauses:
specific-catch-clauses
general-catch-clauseopt
specific-catch-clausesopt
general-catch-clause
specific-catch-clauses:
specific-catch-clause
specific-catch-clauses
specific-catch-clause
specific-catch-clause:
catch
(
class-type identifieropt )
block
general-catch-clause:
catch
block
finally-clause:
finally
block
checked-statement:
checked
block
unchecked-statement:
unchecked
block
lock-statement:
lock
(
expression ) embedded-statement
using-statement:
using
(
resource-acquisition ) embedded-statement
resource-acquisition:
local-variable-declaration
expression
yield-statement:
yield
return
expression ;
yield
break
;
A.2.6 命名空间
compilation-unit:
extern-alias-directivesopt
using-directivesopt
global-attributesopt
namespace-member-declarationsopt
namespace-declaration:
namespace
qualified-identifier
namespace-body ;opt
qualified-identifier:
identifier
qualified-identifier . identifier
namespace-body:
{
extern-alias-directivesopt
using-directivesopt
namespace-member-declarationsopt }
extern-alias-directives:
extern-alias-directive
extern-alias-directives
extern-alias-directive
extern-alias-directive:
extern alias
identifier ;
using-directives:
using-directive
using-directives using-directive
using-directive:
using-alias-directive
using-namespace-directive
using-alias-directive:
using
identifier = namespace-or-type-name ;
using-namespace-directive:
using
namespace-name ;
namespace-member-declarations:
namespace-member-declaration
namespace-member-declarations
namespace-member-declaration
namespace-member-declaration:
namespace-declaration
type-declaration
type-declaration:
class-declaration
struct-declaration
interface-declaration
enum-declaration
delegate-declaration
qualified-alias-member:
identifier ::
identifier type-argument-listopt
A.2.7 类
class-declaration:
attributesopt
class-modifiersopt partialopt class identifier type-parameter-listopt
class-baseopt type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt class-body
;opt
class-modifiers:
class-modifier
class-modifiers class-modifier
class-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
abstract
sealed
static
type-parameter-list:
<
type-parameters >
type-parameters:
attributesopt type-parameter
type-parameters , attributesopt type-parameter
type-parameter:
identifier
class-base:
:
class-type
:
interface-type-list
:
class-type , interface-type-list
interface-type-list:
interface-type
interface-type-list , interface-type
type-parameter-constraints-clauses:
type-parameter-constraints-clause
type-parameter-constraints-clauses
type-parameter-constraints-clause
type-parameter-constraints-clause:
where
type-parameter : type-parameter-constraints
type-parameter-constraints:
primary-constraint
secondary-constraints
constructor-constraint
primary-constraint , secondary-constraints
primary-constraint , constructor-constraint
secondary-constraints , constructor-constraint
primary-constraint , secondary-constraints ,
constructor-constraint
primary-constraint:
class-type
class
struct
secondary-constraints:
interface-type
type-parameter
secondary-constraints , interface-type
secondary-constraints , type-parameter
constructor-constraint:
new
( )
class-body:
{
class-member-declarationsopt
}
class-member-declarations:
class-member-declaration
class-member-declarations
class-member-declaration
class-member-declaration:
constant-declaration
field-declaration
method-declaration
property-declaration
event-declaration
indexer-declaration
operator-declaration
constructor-declaration
destructor-declaration
static-constructor-declaration
type-declaration
constant-declaration:
attributesopt
constant-modifiersopt
const type
constant-declarators ;
constant-modifiers:
constant-modifier
constant-modifiers constant-modifier
constant-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
constant-declarators:
constant-declarator
constant-declarators , constant-declarator
constant-declarator:
identifier = constant-expression
field-declaration:
attributesopt
field-modifiersopt
type variable-declarators ;
field-modifiers:
field-modifier
field-modifiers field-modifier
field-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
readonly
volatile
variable-declarators:
variable-declarator
variable-declarators , variable-declarator
variable-declarator:
identifier
identifier = variable-initializer
variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer
method-declaration:
method-header method-body
method-header:
attributesopt
method-modifiersopt partialopt
return-type member-name type-parameter-listopt
(
formal-parameter-listopt
)
type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt
method-modifiers:
method-modifier
method-modifiers method-modifier
method-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern
return-type:
type
void
member-name:
identifier
interface-type . identifier
method-body:
block
;
formal-parameter-list:
fixed-parameters
fixed-parameters , parameter-array
parameter-array
fixed-parameters:
fixed-parameter
fixed-parameters , fixed-parameter
fixed-parameter:
attributesopt parameter-modifieropt type
identifier default-argumentopt
default-argument:
= expression
parameter-modifier:
ref
out
this
parameter-array:
attributesopt params array-type identifier
property-declaration:
attributesopt
property-modifiersopt
type member-name {
accessor-declarations }
property-modifiers:
property-modifier
property-modifiers property-modifier
property-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern
member-name:
identifier
interface-type . identifier
accessor-declarations:
get-accessor-declaration
set-accessor-declarationopt
set-accessor-declaration
get-accessor-declarationopt
get-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt
accessor-modifieropt get
accessor-body
set-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt
accessor-modifieropt set accessor-body
accessor-modifier:
protected
internal
private
protected internal
internal protected
accessor-body:
block
;
event-declaration:
attributesopt
event-modifiersopt event type variable-declarators ;
attributesopt event-modifiersopt event
type member-name {
event-accessor-declarations }
event-modifiers:
event-modifier
event-modifiers event-modifier
event-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern
event-accessor-declarations:
add-accessor-declaration
remove-accessor-declaration
remove-accessor-declaration
add-accessor-declaration
add-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt add block
remove-accessor-declaration:
attributesopt remove block
indexer-declaration:
attributesopt
indexer-modifiersopt
indexer-declarator { accessor-declarations }
indexer-modifiers:
indexer-modifier
indexer-modifiers indexer-modifier
indexer-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern
indexer-declarator:
type this
[
formal-parameter-list ]
type interface-type .
this
[
formal-parameter-list ]
operator-declaration:
attributesopt
operator-modifiers
operator-declarator
operator-body
operator-modifiers:
operator-modifier
operator-modifiers operator-modifier
operator-modifier:
public
static
extern
operator-declarator:
unary-operator-declarator
binary-operator-declarator
conversion-operator-declarator
unary-operator-declarator:
type operator
overloadable-unary-operator ( type identifier
)
overloadable-unary-operator: one of
+ -
! ~ ++
-- true false
binary-operator-declarator:
type operator
overloadable-binary-operator ( type identifier
,
type identifier )
overloadable-binary-operator:
+
-
*
/
%
&
|
^
<<
right-shift
==
!=
>
<
>=
<=
conversion-operator-declarator:
implicit operator
type ( type identifier
)
explicit
operator
type ( type identifier
)
operator-body:
block
;
constructor-declaration:
attributesopt
constructor-modifiersopt
constructor-declarator
constructor-body
constructor-modifiers:
constructor-modifier
constructor-modifiers
constructor-modifier
constructor-modifier:
public
protected
internal
private
extern
constructor-declarator:
identifier (
formal-parameter-listopt
)
constructor-initializeropt
constructor-initializer:
: base (
argument-listopt )
: this
(
argument-listopt )
constructor-body:
block
;
static-constructor-declaration:
attributesopt
static-constructor-modifiers
identifier ( )
static-constructor-body
static-constructor-modifiers:
externopt static
static externopt
static-constructor-body:
block
;
destructor-declaration:
attributesopt externopt ~ identifier (
)
destructor-body
destructor-body:
block
;
A.2.8 结构
struct-declaration:
attributesopt
struct-modifiersopt partialopt struct identifier type-parameter-listopt
struct-interfacesopt type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt struct-body
;opt
struct-modifiers:
struct-modifier
struct-modifiers struct-modifier
struct-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
struct-interfaces:
:
interface-type-list
struct-body:
{
struct-member-declarationsopt }
struct-member-declarations:
struct-member-declaration
struct-member-declarations
struct-member-declaration
struct-member-declaration:
constant-declaration
field-declaration
method-declaration
property-declaration
event-declaration
indexer-declaration
operator-declaration
constructor-declaration
static-constructor-declaration
type-declaration
A.2.9 数组
array-type:
non-array-type rank-specifiers
non-array-type:
type
rank-specifiers:
rank-specifier
rank-specifiers rank-specifier
rank-specifier:
[
dim-separatorsopt ]
dim-separators:
,
dim-separators ,
array-initializer:
{
variable-initializer-listopt
}
{
variable-initializer-list , }
variable-initializer-list:
variable-initializer
variable-initializer-list , variable-initializer
variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer
A.2.10 接口
interface-declaration:
attributesopt
interface-modifiersopt
partialopt interface
identifier variant-type-parameter-listopt interface-baseopt
type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt interface-body ;opt
interface-modifiers:
interface-modifier
interface-modifiers interface-modifier
interface-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
variant-type-parameter-list:
<
variant-type-parameters >
variant-type-parameters:
attributesopt
variance-annotationopt type-parameter
variant-type-parameters , attributesopt variance-annotationopt type-parameter
variance-annotation:
in
out
interface-base:
:
interface-type-list
interface-body:
{
interface-member-declarationsopt }
interface-member-declarations:
interface-member-declaration
interface-member-declarations
interface-member-declaration
interface-member-declaration:
interface-method-declaration
interface-property-declaration
interface-event-declaration
interface-indexer-declaration
interface-method-declaration:
attributesopt newopt
return-type identifier type-parameter-list
(
formal-parameter-listopt
)
type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt ;
interface-property-declaration:
attributesopt newopt
type identifier {
interface-accessors }
interface-accessors:
attributesopt get ;
attributesopt set
;
attributesopt get
;
attributesopt set ;
attributesopt set ;
attributesopt get ;
interface-event-declaration:
attributesopt newopt event type identifier
;
interface-indexer-declaration:
attributesopt newopt
type this [
formal-parameter-list ] {
interface-accessors }
A.2.11 枚举
enum-declaration:
attributesopt enum-modifiersopt enum
identifier enum-baseopt enum-body
;opt
enum-base:
:
integral-type
enum-body:
{
enum-member-declarationsopt
}
{
enum-member-declarations , }
enum-modifiers:
enum-modifier
enum-modifiers enum-modifier
enum-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
enum-member-declarations:
enum-member-declaration
enum-member-declarations , enum-member-declaration
enum-member-declaration:
attributesopt identifier
attributesopt
identifier = constant-expression
A.2.12 委托
delegate-declaration:
attributesopt
delegate-modifiersopt
delegate
return-type
identifier variant-type-parameter-listopt
(
formal-parameter-listopt
)
type-parameter-constraints-clausesopt ;
delegate-modifiers:
delegate-modifier
delegate-modifiers delegate-modifier
delegate-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
A.2.13 特性
global-attributes:
global-attribute-sections
global-attribute-sections:
global-attribute-section
global-attribute-sections
global-attribute-section
global-attribute-section:
[
global-attribute-target-specifier
attribute-list ]
[ global-attribute-target-specifier attribute-list ,
]
global-attribute-target-specifier:
global-attribute-target :
global-attribute-target:
assembly
module
attributes:
attribute-sections
attribute-sections:
attribute-section
attribute-sections attribute-section
attribute-section:
[
attribute-target-specifieropt attribute-list ]
[ attribute-target-specifieropt attribute-list ,
]
attribute-target-specifier:
attribute-target :
attribute-target:
field
event
method
param
property
return
type
attribute-list:
attribute
attribute-list , attribute
attribute:
attribute-name attribute-argumentsopt
attribute-name:
type-name
attribute-arguments:
( positional-argument-listopt )
( positional-argument-list ,
named-argument-list )
( named-argument-list )
positional-argument-list:
positional-argument
positional-argument-list , positional-argument
positional-argument:
argument-nameopt
attribute-argument-expression
named-argument-list:
named-argument
named-argument-list , named-argument
named-argument:
identifier =
attribute-argument-expression
attribute-argument-expression:
expression
A.3 不安全代码的语法扩展
class-modifier:
...
unsafe
struct-modifier:
...
unsafe
interface-modifier:
...
unsafe
delegate-modifier:
...
unsafe
field-modifier:
...
unsafe
method-modifier:
...
unsafe
property-modifier:
...
unsafe
event-modifier:
...
unsafe
indexer-modifier:
...
unsafe
operator-modifier:
...
unsafe
constructor-modifier:
...
unsafe
destructor-declaration:
attributesopt externopt unsafeopt ~ identifier (
)
destructor-body
attributesopt unsafeopt externopt ~ identifier (
)
destructor-body
static-constructor-modifiers:
externopt unsafeopt static
unsafeopt externopt static
externopt static unsafeopt
unsafeopt static externopt
static
externopt unsafeopt
static
unsafeopt externopt
embedded-statement:
...
unsafe-statement
fixed-statement
unsafe-statement:
unsafe
block
type:
...
pointer-type
pointer-type:
unmanaged-type *
void
*
unmanaged-type:
type
primary-no-array-creation-expression:
...
pointer-member-access
pointer-element-access
sizeof-expression
unary-expression:
...
pointer-indirection-expression
addressof-expression
pointer-indirection-expression:
*
unary-expression
pointer-member-access:
primary-expression -> identifier type-argument-listopt
pointer-element-access:
primary-no-array-creation-expression [ expression ]
addressof-expression:
&
unary-expression
sizeof-expression:
sizeof
(
unmanaged-type )
fixed-statement:
fixed
(
pointer-type
fixed-pointer-declarators ) embedded-statement
fixed-pointer-declarators:
fixed-pointer-declarator
fixed-pointer-declarators , fixed-pointer-declarator
fixed-pointer-declarator:
identifier =
fixed-pointer-initializer
fixed-pointer-initializer:
&
variable-reference
expression
struct-member-declaration:
…
fixed-size-buffer-declaration
fixed-size-buffer-declaration:
attributesopt
fixed-size-buffer-modifiersopt fixed
buffer-element-type
fixed-size-buffer-declarators ;
fixed-size-buffer-modifiers:
fixed-size-buffer-modifier
fixed-size-buffer-modifier
fixed-size-buffer-modifiers
fixed-size-buffer-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
unsafe
buffer-element-type:
type
fixed-size-buffer-declarators:
fixed-size-buffer-declarator
fixed-size-buffer-declarator
fixed-size-buffer-declarators
fixed-size-buffer-declarator:
identifier [
constant-expression ]
local-variable-initializer:
…
stackalloc-initializer
stackalloc-initializer:
stackalloc
unmanaged-type [ expression ]