Hive 常用命令和语句

时间:2023-03-10 06:25:53
Hive 常用命令和语句

示例数据库为 db_hive

1、 创建表 create-table.sql

create table if not exists db_hive.tb_user
(
id int,
username string comment '用户名',
age int comment '年龄',
address string comment '地址'
)
comment '用户表'
row format delimited fields terminated by ','
stored as textfile
location '/user/hive/warehouse/db_hive.db/db_user'

2、执行创建表

hive -f 'create-table.sql'

3、加载数据到 tb_user 表中

数据文件  /root/files/tb_user.txt

1001,Logan,16,shenzhen
1002,Herry potter,12,Magic school
1003,孙悟空,500,花果山

Hive交互式命令行执行命令  load data local inpath '/root/files/tb_user.txt' into table db_hive.tb_user;

如下所示:

hive (db_hive)> load data local inpath '/root/files/tb_user.txt' into table db_hive.tb_user;

如果要覆盖旧数据,可以加 overwrite,如下所示

hive (db_hive)> load data local inpath '/root/files/tb_user.txt' overwrite into table db_hive.tb_user;

4、查询数据

hive -e "select id,username from db_hive.tb_user"

5、根据已有表创建只有部分字段的子表

create table if not exists db_hive.tb_user_sub
as
select id,username from db_hive.tb_user;

6、 like 创建表

create table if not exists db_hive.tb_user_like like db_hive.tb_user;

插入数据

insert into table db_hive.tb_user_like select * from db_hive.tb_user;

7、重命名表

alter table tb_user_like rename to tb_user_rename ;

8、 创建外部表,删除时只删除元数据,不会删除表数据

create external table if not exists db_hive.tb_ext(id string);

9、创建分区表

create table if not exists db_hive.tb_logs(
ip string,
text string,
log_time string
)
partitioned by (month string)
row format delimited fields terminated by "\t";

数据文件 /root/files/tb_logs.txt

192.168.32.100  login   20190429072650
192.168.32.100 order 20190429072730
192.168.32.101 browse 20190429072812

载入数据

load data local inpath '/root/files/tb_logs.txt' into table db_hive.tb_logs partition (month = '')

查询数据

select ip,text,log_time from tb_logs where month = '';

10、手工创建分区数据及修复分区表

创建分区目录

hdfs dfs -mkdir -p /user/hive/warehouse/db_hive.db/tb_logs/month=201905

上传数据文件到分区目录下

hdfs dfs -put /root/files/tb_logs.txt /user/hive/warehouse/db_hive.db/tb_logs/month=201905

此时执行查询

select count(distinct ip) from db_hive.tb_logs where month = '';

查询结果为0。

【原因】:数据并未添加到分区中,查看配置的MySQL元数据信息

mysql> use hive_metastore;
mysql> select * from PARTITIONS;

示例配置的Hive元数据存放为MySQL数据库中的 hive_metastore 数据库

查询分区表 PARTITIONS 中的数据,发现只有一条记录,如下所示:

+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| PART_ID | CREATE_TIME | LAST_ACCESS_TIME | PART_NAME | SD_ID | TBL_ID |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| 1 | 1556494255 | 0 | month=201904 | 29 | 28 |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+

【修复方法一】直接执行修复命令

msck repair table tb_logs

此时分区表中的数据如下:

+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| PART_ID | CREATE_TIME | LAST_ACCESS_TIME | PART_NAME | SD_ID | TBL_ID |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| 1 | 1556494255 | 0 | month=201904 | 29 | 28 |
| 2 | 1556495227 | 0 | month=201905 | 30 | 28 |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+

执行查询命令

select count(distinct ip) from db_hive.tb_logs where month = '';

返回结果为2,数据已正常加入分区。

【修复方法二】 使用增加分区命令

操作步骤:创建新分区目录并上传数据文件,命令如下:

hive (db_hive)> dfs -mkdir -p /user/hive/warehouse/db_hive.db/tb_logs/month=201906;
hive (db_hive)> dfs -put /root/files/tb_logs.txt /user/hive/warehouse/db_hive.db/tb_logs/month=201906;

执行增加分区命令

alter table tb_logs add partition(month = '');

查询数据,测试结果正常。

此时元数据分区表中数据如下:

+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| PART_ID | CREATE_TIME | LAST_ACCESS_TIME | PART_NAME | SD_ID | TBL_ID |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+
| 1 | 1556494255 | 0 | month=201904 | 29 | 28 |
| 2 | 1556495227 | 0 | month=201905 | 30 | 28 |
| 3 | 1556495635 | 0 | month=201906 | 31 | 28 |
+---------+-------------+------------------+--------------+-------+--------+

查看表分区命令

show partitions db_hive.tb_logs;

11、 导出表数据

export table db_hive.tb_logs to '/user/hive/warehouse/export/db_hive/tb_logs';

12、 导入表数据

创建表

create table tb_logs_like like tb_logs;

导入数据

import table tb_logs_like from '/user/hive/warehouse/export/db_hive/tb_logs';

13、导出数据到本地文件

insert overwrite local directory '/root/files/hive_out'
row format delimited fields terminated by '\t' collection items terminated by '\n'
select * from db_hive.tb_logs;

Hive 常用命令和语句

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