iOS开发——开发技巧&LLDB详解

开胃小菜--简单的断点调试

在xcode中打开一个app，在想要break的行号上单击，即可生成一个深色的箭头标识--断点。如下图，在viewDidLoad:中设置了断点。

运行app，等待。。。就可以看到xcode在断点处进入调试模式，现在让我们把视线移到xcode右下角的控制台，有木有看到（lldb）这样一行，鼠标移到此行，输入

1	po [self view]

回车，看看控制台上是不是多了一些view的信息，如下图：

po（print object）是LLDB的一个命令，其主要功能是输出objective-c中对象（objects）的信息，与之相似的另外一个命令是 p（print），其主要功能是输出原生类型（boolean、integer、float、etc）的信息。

控制台输入

p (int)[[[self view] subviews] count]

结果如下

(int) $2 = 2

注意这个使用了类型转换告知调试器应该如何处理返回值。

技巧一：运行时修改变量的值

你以前怎么验证是不是某个变量的值导致整段程序不能正常工作？修改代码中的变量的值，然后cmd+r重新启动app？现在你不需要这么做了，只需要设置一个断点，当程序在这进入调试模式后，使用expr命令即可在运行时修改变量的值。

假如有一个loginWithUsername:方法，需要两个参数：username，password。

首先设置好断点，如下图所示：

运行app，进入断点模式后，在（lldb）后输入

1	expr username = @"username"

2	expr password = @"badpassword"

控制台会返回以下信息

1	(NSString *) $0 = 0x3d3504c4 @"username"

2	(NSString *) $1 = 0x1d18ef60 @"badpassword"

现在跳出断点，执行断点之后的两条输出语句，控制台会有以下输出

1	(0x1c59aae0) A line for the breakpoint

2	(0x1c59aae0) Username and Password after: username:badpassword

看到看吧，我们在运行时修改了变量的值，事情还可以变的更简单一些，我们可以编辑断点，让它自动填充需要的修改的变量的值，并且可以选择在此断点处不进入断点模式，仅仅修改指定变量的值，然后自动执行后续代码。

右击断点选择“Edit Breakpoint...”（或者按住cmd+option，单击断点），然后如下图所示设置断点

注意选中了最后一行（“Automatically continue after evaluating”）的选择框，这就保证运行到这个断点的时，填充变量的值，然后继续运行，并不在此处断点进入调试模式。

运行app，你会得到和上述手动设置变量的值一样的输出。

接下来单击断点，使其处于禁用状态，现在箭头的颜色应该是浅蓝色的，重新运行app，你会发现username和password的值没有在运行时被改变了。

技巧二：设置断点触发条件

断点的另外一个重要作用，是可以设置触发断点生效的条件，这样我们就可以在运行时针对特定的数据进行分析，观察app是否运行在正确的轨道上。如下图：

上述截图可以看到如下语句

1	(BOOL)[(NSString*)[item valueForKey:@"ID"] isEqualToString:@"93306"]

通过这行语句，我们告诉编译器：当item中ID等于93306时，此断点生效，进入断点调试模式。

技巧三：格式化输出数据

如果你厌倦了代码里无穷无尽的NSLog，幸运的是我们可以在编辑断点使其输出格式化字符串就像平常编码时一样。不过有一点需要注意，平常编码时可能会使用NSString‘s stringWithFormat:输出格式化字符串，不过这个方法貌似在断点中木有效果，你需要使用alloc/init形式的方法，如下：

1	po [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"Item index is: %d", index]

运行app，就能在控制台看到想要的输出啦！

简单！强大！这就是LLDB给你的选择，从此代码里可以不用再有NSLog满天飞的情况了，代码变得更干净了，心情变得更愉悦了！

LLDB还有很多强大的地方，本教程只不过揭开了它的面纱，即便如此，仍让我们沉醉不已。

如此你有让xcode中debug变的更轻松加简单的方法，请在评论中尽情的分享！

命令总结：

执行类命令集

LLDB	GDB
Launch a process no arguments.
(lldb) process launch (lldb) run (lldb) r	(gdb) run (gdb) r
Launch a process with arguments <args>.
(lldb) process launch — <args> (lldb) r <args>	(gdb) run <args> (gdb) r <args>
Launch a process for with arguments a.out 1 2 3 without having to supply the args every time.
% lldb — a.out 1 2 3 (lldb) run … (lldb) run …	% gdb –args a.out 1 2 3 (gdb) run … (gdb) run …
Launch a process with arguments in new terminal window (Mac OS X only).
(lldb) process launch –tty — <args> (lldb) pro la -t — <args>
Launch a process with arguments in existing terminal /dev/ttys006 (Mac OS X only).
(lldb) process launch –tty=/dev/ttys006 — <args> (lldb) pro la -t/dev/ttys006 — <args>
Attach to a process with process ID 123.
(lldb) process attach –pid 123 (lldb) attach -p 123	(gdb) attach 123
Attach to a process named “a.out”.
(lldb) process attach –name a.out (lldb) pro at -n a.out	(gdb) attach a.out
Wait for a process named “a.out” to launch and attach.
(lldb) process attach –name a.out –waitfor (lldb) pro at -n a.out -w	(gdb) attach -waitfor a.out
Do a source level single step in the currently selected thread.
(lldb) thread step-in (lldb) step (lldb) s	(gdb) step (gdb) s
Do a source level single step over in the currently selected thread.
(lldb) thread step-over (lldb) next (lldb) n	(gdb) next (gdb) n
Do an instruction level single step in the currently selected thread.
(lldb) thread step-inst (lldb) si	(gdb) stepi (gdb) si
Do an instruction level single step over in the currently selected thread.
(lldb) thread step-inst-over (lldb) ni	(gdb) nexti (gdb) ni
Step out of the currently selected frame.
(lldb) thread step-out (lldb) finish	(gdb) finish
Backtrace and disassemble every time you stop.
(lldb) target stop-hook add Enter your stop hook command(s). Type ‘DONE’ to end. > bt > disassemble –pc > DONE Stop hook #1 added.

断点类命令集

LLDB	GDB
Set a breakpoint at all functions named main.
(lldb) breakpoint set –name main (lldb) br s -n main (lldb) b main	(gdb) break main
Set a breakpoint in file test.c at line 12.
(lldb) breakpoint set –file test.c –line 12 (lldb) br s -f test.c -l 12 (lldb) b test.c:12	(gdb) break test.c:12
Set a breakpoint at all C++ methods whose basename is main.
(lldb) breakpoint set –method main (lldb) br s -M main	(gdb) break main (Hope that there are no C funtions named main).
Set a breakpoint at and object C function: -[NSString stringWithFormat:].
(lldb) breakpoint set –name “-[NSString stringWithFormat:]” (lldb) b -[NSString stringWithFormat:]	(gdb) break -[NSString stringWithFormat:]
Set a breakpoint at all Objective C methods whose selector is count.
(lldb) breakpoint set –selector count (lldb) br s -S count	(gdb) break count (Hope that there are no C or C++ funtions namedcount).
List all breakpoints.
(lldb) breakpoint list (lldb) br l	(gdb) info break
Delete a breakpoint.
(lldb) breakpoint delete 1 (lldb) br del 1	(gdb) delete 1

监视点（WATCHPOINT）命令集

LLDB	GDB
Set a watchpoint on a variable when it is written to.
(lldb) watchpoint set variable -w write global_var (lldb) watch set var -w write global_var	(gdb) watch global_var
Set a watchpoint on a memory location when it is written into. The size of the region to watch for defaults to the pointer size if no ‘-x byte_size’ is specified. This command takes raw input, evaluated as an expression returning an unsigned integer pointing to the start of the region, after the ‘–’ option terminator.
(lldb) watchpoint set expression -w write — my_ptr (lldb) watch set exp -w write — my_ptr	(gdb) watch -location g_char_ptr
Set a condition on a watchpoint.
(lldb) watch set var -w write global (lldb) watchpoint modify -c ‘(global==5)’ (lldb) c … (lldb) bt * thread #1: tid = 0x1c03, 0x0000000100000ef5 a.outmodify + 21 at main.cpp:16, stop reason = watchpoint 1 frame #0: 0x0000000100000ef5 a.outmodify + 21 at main.cpp:16 frame #1: 0x0000000100000eac a.outmain + 108 at main.cpp:25 frame #2: 0x00007fff8ac9c7e1 libdyld.dylibstart + 1 (lldb) frame var global (int32_t) global = 5
List all watchpoints.
(lldb) watchpoint list (lldb) watch l	(gdb) info break
Delete a watchpoint.
(lldb) watchpoint delete 1 (lldb) watch del 1	(gdb) delete 1

检查变量

LLDB	GDB
Show the arguments and local variables for the current frame.
(lldb) frame variable	(gdb) info args and (gdb) info locals
Show the local variables for the current frame.
(lldb) frame variable –no-args (lldb) fr v -a	(gdb) info locals
Show the contents of local variable “bar”.
(lldb) frame variable bar (lldb) fr v bar (lldb) p bar	(gdb) p bar
Show the contents of local variable “bar” formatted as hex.
(lldb) frame variable –format x bar (lldb) fr v -f x bar	(gdb) p/x bar
Show the contents of global variable “baz”.
(lldb) target variable baz (lldb) ta v baz	(gdb) p baz
Show the global/static variables defined in the current source file.
(lldb) target variable (lldb) ta v	n/a
Display a the variable “argc” and “argv” every time you stop.
(lldb) target stop-hook add –one-liner “frame variable argc argv” (lldb) ta st a -o “fr v argc argv” (lldb) display argc (lldb) display argv	(gdb) display argc (gdb) display argv
Display a the variable “argc” and “argv” only when you stop in the function named main.
(lldb) target stop-hook add –name main –one-liner “frame variable argc argv” (lldb) ta st a -n main -o “fr v argc argv”
Display the variable “*this” only when you stop in c class named MyClass.
(lldb) target stop-hook add –classname MyClass –one-liner “frame variable *this” (lldb) ta st a -c MyClass -o “fr v *this”

检查线程状态

LLDB	GDB
Show the stack backtrace for the current thread.
(lldb) thread backtrace (lldb) bt	(gdb) bt
Show the stack backtraces for all threads.
(lldb) thread backtrace all (lldb) bt all	(gdb) thread apply all bt
Select a different stack frame by index for the current thread.
(lldb) frame select 12	(gdb) frame 12
List information about the currently selected frame in the current thread.
(lldb) frame info
Select the stack frame that called the current stack frame.
(lldb) up (lldb) frame select –relative=1	(gdb) up
Select the stack frame that is called by the current stack frame.
(lldb) down (lldb) frame select –relative=-1 (lldb) fr s -r-1	(gdb) down
Select a different stack frame using a relative offset.
(lldb) frame select –relative 2 (lldb) fr s -r2 (lldb) frame select –relative -3 (lldb) fr s -r-3	(gdb) up 2 (gdb) down 3
Show the general purpose registers for the current thread.
(lldb) register read	(gdb) info registers
Show the general purpose registers for the current thread formatted as signed decimal. LLDB tries to use the same format characters as printf(3) when possible. Type “help format” to see the full list of format specifiers.
(lldb) register read –format i (lldb) re r -f i LLDB now supports the GDB shorthand format syntax but there can’t be space after the command: (lldb) register read/d
Show all registers in all register sets for the current thread.
(lldb) register read –all (lldb) re r -a	(gdb) info all-registers
Show the values for the registers named “rax”, “rsp” and “rbp” in the current thread.
(lldb) register read rax rsp rbp	(gdb) info all-registers rax rsp rbp
Show the values for the register named “rax” in the current thread formatted as binary.
(lldb) register read –format binary rax (lldb) re r -f b rax LLDB now supports the GDB shorthand format syntax but there can’t be space after the command: (lldb) register read/t rax (lldb) p/t $rax	(gdb) p/t $rax
Read memory from address 0xbffff3c0 and show 4 hex uint32_t values.
(lldb) memory read –size 4 –format x –count 4 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) me r -s4 -fx -c4 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) x -s4 -fx -c4 0xbffff3c0 LLDB now supports the GDB shorthand format syntax but there can’t be space after the command: (lldb) memory read/4xw 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) x/4xw 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) memory read –gdb-format 4xw 0xbffff3c0	(gdb) x/4xw 0xbffff3c0
Read memory starting at the expression “argv[0]“.
(lldb) memory read argv[0] NOTE: any command can inline a scalar expression result (as long as the target is stopped) using backticks around any expression: (lldb) memory read –size sizeof(int) argv[0]	(gdb) x argv[0]
Read 512 bytes of memory from address 0xbffff3c0 and save results to a local file as text.
(lldb) memory read –outfile /tmp/mem.txt –count 512 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) me r -o/tmp/mem.txt -c512 0xbffff3c0 (lldb) x/512bx -o/tmp/mem.txt 0xbffff3c0	(gdb) set logging on (gdb) set logging file /tmp/mem.txt (gdb) x/512bx 0xbffff3c0 (gdb) set logging off
Save binary memory data starting at 0×1000 and ending at 0×2000 to a file.
(lldb) memory read –outfile /tmp/mem.bin –binary 0×1000 0×1200 (lldb) me r -o /tmp/mem.bin -b 0×1000 0×1200
(gdb) dump memory /tmp/mem.bin 0×1000 0×2000
Disassemble the current function for the current frame.
(lldb) disassemble –frame (lldb) di -f	(gdb) disassemble
Disassemble any functions named main.
(lldb) disassemble –name main (lldb) di -n main	(gdb) disassemble main
Disassemble an address range.
(lldb) disassemble –start-address 0x1eb8 –end-address 0x1ec3 (lldb) di -s 0x1eb8 -e 0x1ec3	(gdb) disassemble 0x1eb8 0x1ec3
Disassemble 20 instructions from a given address.
(lldb) disassemble –start-address 0x1eb8 –count 20 (lldb) di -s 0x1eb8 -c 20	(gdb) x/20i 0x1eb8
Show mixed source and disassembly for the current function for the current frame.
(lldb) disassemble –frame –mixed (lldb) di -f -m	n/a
Disassemble the current function for the current frame and show the opcode bytes.
(lldb) disassemble –frame –bytes (lldb) di -f -b	n/a
Disassemble the current source line for the current frame.
(lldb) disassemble –line (lldb) di -l	n/a

可执行文件和共享库查询命令

LLDB	GDB
List the main executable and all dependent shared libraries.
(lldb) image list	(gdb) info shared
Lookup information for a raw address in the executable or any shared libraries.
(lldb) image lookup –address 0x1ec4 (lldb) im loo -a 0x1ec4	(gdb) info symbol 0x1ec4
Lookup information for an address in a.out only.
(lldb) image lookup –address 0x1ec4 a.out (lldb) im loo -a 0x1ec4 a.out
Lookup information for for a type Point by name.
(lldb) image lookup –type Point (lldb) im loo -t Point	(lldb) ptype Point
Dump all sections from the main executable and any shared libraries.
(lldb) image dump sections	(gdb) maintenance info sections
Dump all sections in the a.out module.
(lldb) image dump sections a.out
Dump all symbols from the main executable and any shared libraries.
(lldb) image dump symtab
Dump all symbols in a.out and liba.so.
(lldb) image dump symtab a.out liba.so

杂项

LLDB	GDB
Echo text to the screen.
(lldb) script print “Here is some text”	(gdb) echo Here is some text\n