使用Qemu运行Ubuntu文件系统（1）

时间：2023-03-09 12:49:08
使用Qemu运行Ubuntu文件系统（1）


参考

平台

Qemu + AArch32（vexpress-ca9）
Linux: Linux-4.14.13

概述

        根文件系统采用busybox的优点是节省空间，缺点是添加一款软件就需要自己找源代码编译，还需要解决依赖关系，费时费力，为了解决这个问题，可以使用ubuntu的arm版本的根文件系统，这样就可以充分利用ubuntu软件仓库里已经做好的众多软件包，并且依赖关系也已经帮我们解决了，安装的方式跟PC机一样，使用apt命令。

正文

使用的平台还是Qemu，用它来模拟一个vexpress-ca9开发板，这部分可以参考下面的博客：

用Qemu搭建aarch32学习环境

为Qemu aarch32开发板添加sd卡

启动Qemu的命令如下：
kernel_dir=./Linux-4.14.

kernel_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/zImage

dtb_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb

sudo qemu-system-arm \

    -M vexpress-a9 \

    -m 1024M \

    -smp  \

    -kernel ${kernel_image} \

    -nographic \

    -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200" \

    -net nic,vlan= -net tap,vlan=,ifname=tap2 \

    -sd ./ubuntu_rootfs/ubuntu.img \

    -dtb ${dtb_image}
说明，其中/dev/mmcblk0表示跟文件系统所在的设备，因为没有进行分区并且使用sd卡启动方式，所以是mmcblk0。第13行就是我们下面要制作的ubuntu根文件系统。

一、安装Qemu

在Linux PC主机上安装模拟器：
sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static

二、下载和解压 ubuntu-core

先从官方上获取ubuntu core的tar包：http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-base/releases/16.04/release/

选择下载ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz，下载完之后，创建临时文件夹并解压根文件系统：

mkdir tmp

sudo tar -xf ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz -C tmp/

三、修改根文件系统

1、准备网络

sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf tmp/etc/reso
sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf tmp/etc/resolv.conf
这个文件存放了DNS服务器的地址

2、准备qemu

cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static tmp/usr/bin/

3、增加软件源

sudo vim tmp/etc/apt/source.list

将下面的两行的注释取消掉：

deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe

deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe

4、进入根文件系统进行操作

可以使用下面的脚本ch-mount.sh将根目录切换到tmp下：

#!/bin/bash

function mnt() {

    echo "MOUNTING"

    sudo mount -t proc /proc ${}proc

    sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${}sys

    sudo mount -o bind /dev ${}dev

    sudo chroot ${}

}

function umnt() {

    echo "UNMOUNTING"

    sudo umount ${}proc

    sudo umount ${}sys

    sudo umount ${}dev

}

if [ "$1" == "-m" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;

then

    mnt $ $

elif [ "$1" == "-u" ] && [ -n "$2" ];

then

    umnt $ $

else

    echo ""

    echo "Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing"

    echo ""

    echo "1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)"

    echo "2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')"

    echo ""

    echo "For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/"

    echo ""

    echo 1st parameter : ${}

    echo 2nd parameter : ${}

fi

切换根目录：

sudo ch-mount.sh -m tmp/

  • 更新

apt update

apt upgrade

  • 安装软件包

apt install udev       #否则ttyAMA0无法找到

apt install vim        #vim编辑器

apt install net-tools  #ifconfig，netstat，route，arp等

apt install iputils-ping #ping

apt install sudo       #sudo命令

#apt install ssh        #ssh的client和server

apt install ethtool    #ethtool命令，显示、修改以太网设置

#apt install wireless-tools    #iwconfig等，显示、修改无线设置

apt install ifupdown          #ifup，ifdown等工具

#apt install network-manager   #Network Manager服务和框架，高级网络管理

apt install rsyslog           #系统log服务

apt install bash-completion   #bash命令行补全

apt install htop              #htop工具，交互式进程查看器
apt install nfs-common        #可以远程挂载mount -t nfs
apt install telnetd           #可以用telnet登录

对于bash命令自动补全功能，需要安装bash-completion，此外还需要修改/etc/bash.bashrc，将下面的命令的注释去掉：

 # enable bash completion in interactive shells

 if ! shopt -oq posix; then

   if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then

     . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion

   elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then

     . /etc/bash_completion

   fi

 fi

然后重新登录即可。

  • 创建用户

全部安装完之后，添加一个用户pengdl，并设置密码，同时把root的密码也修改一下：
useradd -s '/bin/bash' -m -G adm,sudo pengdl  #增加pengdl用户，同时加到sudo用户组，这样就可以使用sudo命令了

passwd pengdl #给pengdl用户设置密码

passwd root #修改root密码
为pengdl增加sudo权限，修改/etc/sudoers，增加：
pengdl  ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

  • 设置ip

编辑/etc/network/interfaces，添加如下内容：

auto lo

iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0

iface eth0 inet static

address 192.168.1.5

netmask 255.255.255.0

gateway 192.168.1.1

  • 设置hostname

设置主机名称：

echo "ubuntu-arm">/etc/hostname

设置本机入口ip：

echo "127.0.0.1 localhost">>/etc/hosts

echo "127.0.1.1 ubuntu-arm">>/etc/hosts

在软件安装完毕后，退出根目录：ctrl+D 或者 exit

执行umount:

./ch-mount.sh -u tmp/

四、制作根文件系统

  • 查看根文件系统的大小

du -sh tmp/

351M    tmp/

  • 生成镜像，并格式为ext4

dd if=/dev/zero  of=ubuntu.img   bs=1M   count=

mkfs.ext4 ubuntu.img

mkdir mnt

sudo mount  ubuntu.img mnt

sudo cp -rfp tmp/* mnt

sudo umount mnt

#检查并修复ubuntu.img

e2fsck -p -f ubuntu.img

五、测试

  • 开机：

[    8.915670] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1024K

[   12.875789] systemd[]: Failed to insert module 'autofs4': No such file or directory

[   13.486345] systemd[]: systemd  running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN)

[   13.497463] systemd[]: Detected architecture arm.

Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS!

[   13.536063] systemd[]: Set hostname to <ubuntu-arm>.

[   15.590117] systemd-gpt-aut () used greatest stack depth:  bytes left

[   16.987350] systemd[]: Reached target Swap.

...

[  OK  ] Found device /dev/ttyAMA0.

[  OK  ] Reached target Sound Card.

[  OK  ] Started ifup for eth0.

[  OK  ] Found device /sys/subsystem/net/devices/eth0.

[  OK  ] Started LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".

[  OK  ] Started Raise network interfaces.

[  OK  ] Reached target Network.

         Starting /etc/rc.local Compatibility...

[  OK  ] Started /etc/rc.local Compatibility.

[  OK  ] Started Serial Getty on ttyAMA0.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty5.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty3.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty6.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty2.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty1.

[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty4.

[  OK  ] Reached target Login Prompts.

[  OK  ] Reached target Multi-User System.

[  OK  ] Reached target Graphical Interface.

         Starting Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes...

[  OK  ] Started Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes.

Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ubuntu-arm ttyAMA0

ubuntu-arm login: pengdl

Password:

Last login: Sun Aug  :: UTC  on ttyAMA0

Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.14.+ armv7l)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ ifconfig

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr :::::

          inet addr:192.168.1.5  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0

          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:  Metric:

          RX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: frame:

          TX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: carrier:

          collisions: txqueuelen:

          RX bytes: (2.1 KB)  TX bytes: (296.0 B)

          Interrupt: 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback

          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0

          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:  Metric:

          RX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: frame:

          TX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: carrier:

          collisions: txqueuelen:

          RX bytes: (0.0 B)  TX bytes: (0.0 B)

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ ping www.baidu.com

PING www.a.shifen.com (61.135.169.121) () bytes of data.

 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=4.12 ms

 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=3.71 ms

 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=3.83 ms

^C

--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---

 packets transmitted,  received, % packet loss, time 2017ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 3.717/3.891/4.125/0.186 ms

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo apt install htop

Reading package lists... Done

Reading state information... Done

Suggested packages:

  lsof strace

The following NEW packages will be installed:

  htop

 upgraded,  newly installed,  to remove and  not upgraded.

Need to get 67.7 kB of archives.

After this operation,  kB of additional disk space will be used.

Get: http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial/universe armhf htop armhf 2.0.1-1 [67.7 kB]

Fetched 67.7 kB in 2s (27.0 kB/s)

debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed

Selecting previously unselected package htop.

(Reading database ...  files and directories currently installed.)

Unpacking htop (2.0.-) ..._2.0.1-1_armhf.deb ...

Processing triggers for mime-support (.59ubuntu1) ...

  • 关机：

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo shutdown -h now

[  OK  ] Stopped target Timers.

[  OK  ] Stopped Daily apt activities.

[  OK  ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Graphical Interface.

[  OK  ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Multi-User System.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Login Prompts.

         Stopping Getty on tty6...

         Stopping Getty on tty1...

         Stopping Getty on tty5...

         Stopping Getty on tty4...

[  OK  ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available.

         Stopping Getty on tty2...

         Stopping Getty on tty3...

         Stopping LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"...

[  OK  ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Sound Card.

         Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0...

[  OK  ] Removed slice system-getty.slice.

[  OK  ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Network.

         Stopping Raise network interfaces...

         Stopping Permit User Sessions...

[  OK  ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice.

[  OK  ] Stopped LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".

[  OK  ] Stopped Permit User Sessions.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Basic System.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Paths.

[  OK  ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.

[  OK  ] Stopped Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Slices.

[  OK  ] Stopped target System Initialization.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Swap.

         Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...

         Stopping Load/Save Random Seed...

         Stopping Network Time Synchronization...

[  OK  ] Stopped target Sockets.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre).

[  OK  ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed.

[  OK  ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization.

[  OK  ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.

[  OK  ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories.

[  OK  ] Stopped Raise network interfaces.

[  OK  ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre).

[  OK  ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.

[  OK  ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules.

[  OK  ] Reached target Shutdown.

[  385.729940] reboot: Power down

sudo brctl delif br0 tap2

sudo tunctl -d tap2

TUNSETIFF: Device or resource busy

brctl show

bridge name    bridge id        STP enabled    interfaces

br0        .f48e387d73d8    no        enp3s0

virbr0        8000.000000000000    yes

  • 重启：

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo reboot

[sudo] password for pengdl:

[  OK  ] Stopped target Sound Card.

[  OK  ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Timers.

[  OK  ] Stopped Daily apt activities.

[  OK  ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized.

[  OK  ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Graphical Interface.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Multi-User System.

         Stopping LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"...

[  OK  ] Stopped target Login Prompts.

         Stopping Getty on tty5...

         Stopping Getty on tty3...

         Stopping Getty on tty2...

         Stopping Getty on tty6...

[  OK  ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available.

         Stopping Getty on tty4...

         Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0...

         Stopping Getty on tty1...

[  OK  ] Stopped Getty on tty4.

[  OK  ] Stopped Serial Getty on ttyAMA0.

[  OK  ] Stopped Getty on tty2.

[  OK  ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice.

         Stopping Permit User Sessions...

[  OK  ] Removed slice system-getty.slice.

[  OK  ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Network.

         Stopping Raise network interfaces...

[  OK  ] Stopped LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".

[  OK  ] Stopped Permit User Sessions.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Basic System.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Paths.

[  OK  ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.

[  OK  ] Stopped Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Sockets.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Slices.

[  OK  ] Stopped target System Initialization.

         Stopping Network Time Synchronization...

[  OK  ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes.

         Stopping Load/Save Random Seed...

         Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...

[  OK  ] Stopped target Swap.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre).

[  OK  ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization.

[  OK  ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed.

[  OK  ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.

[  OK  ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories.

[  OK  ] Stopped Raise network interfaces.

[  OK  ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables.

[  OK  ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre).

[  OK  ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.

[  OK  ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.

[  OK  ] Reached target Shutdown.

[   85.454918] reboot: Restarting system

[    0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0

[    0.000000] Linux version 4.14.+ (pengdonglin@pengdonglin-dell) (gcc version 4.8.  (prerelease) (Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2014.05-)) # SMP PREEMPT Thu Apr  :: CST

[    0.000000] CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision  (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d

[    0.000000] CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache

[    0.000000] OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9

[    0.000000] Memory policy: Data cache writealloc

[    0.000000] cma: Reserved  MiB at 0x9f000000
 未完待续……

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