我们说过Akka-http是一个好的系统集成工具，集成是通过数据交换方式实现的。Http是个在网上传输和接收的规范协议。所以，在使用Akka-http之前，可能我们还是需要把Http模式的网上数据交换细节了解清楚。数据交换双方是通过Http消息类型Request和Response来实现的。在Akka-http中对应的是HttpRequest和HttpResponse。这两个类型都具备HttpEntity类型来装载需要交换的数据。首先，无论如何数据在线上的表现形式肯定是一串bytes。所以，数据交换两头Request,Response中的Entity也必须是以bytes来表达的。在Akka-http里我们把需要传输的数据转换成ByteString，通过网络发送給接收端、接收端再把收到消息Entity中的ByteString转换成目标类型的数据。这两个转换过程就是Akka-http的Marshalling和Unmarshalling过程了。我们先从HttpEntity的构建函数来了解它的定义：
object HttpEntity {
implicit def apply(string: String): HttpEntity.Strict = apply(ContentTypes.`text/plain(UTF-)`, string)
implicit def apply(bytes: Array[Byte]): HttpEntity.Strict = apply(ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`, bytes)
implicit def apply(data: ByteString): HttpEntity.Strict = apply(ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`, data)
def apply(contentType: ContentType.NonBinary, string: String): HttpEntity.Strict =
if (string.isEmpty) empty(contentType) else apply(contentType, ByteString(string.getBytes(contentType.charset.nioCharset)))
def apply(contentType: ContentType, bytes: Array[Byte]): HttpEntity.Strict =
if (bytes.length == ) empty(contentType) else apply(contentType, ByteString(bytes))
def apply(contentType: ContentType, data: ByteString): HttpEntity.Strict =
if (data.isEmpty) empty(contentType) else HttpEntity.Strict(contentType, data)
def apply(contentType: ContentType, contentLength: Long, data: Source[ByteString, Any]): UniversalEntity =
if (contentLength == ) empty(contentType) else HttpEntity.Default(contentType, contentLength, data)
def apply(contentType: ContentType, data: Source[ByteString, Any]): HttpEntity.Chunked =
HttpEntity.Chunked.fromData(contentType, data)
...
很明显，HttpEntity可以分两大类，一种是Strict类型的，它的data是ByteString。另一种是UniversalEntity类型，它的数据dataBytes是Source[ByteString,Any]。无论如何最终在线上的还是ByteString。HttpEntity的ContentType注明了传输数据格式，有：
object ContentTypes {
val `application/json` = ContentType(MediaTypes.`application/json`)
val `application/octet-stream` = ContentType(MediaTypes.`application/octet-stream`)
val `text/plain(UTF-)` = MediaTypes.`text/plain` withCharset HttpCharsets.`UTF-`
val `text/html(UTF-)` = MediaTypes.`text/html` withCharset HttpCharsets.`UTF-`
val `text/xml(UTF-)` = MediaTypes.`text/xml` withCharset HttpCharsets.`UTF-`
val `text/csv(UTF-)` = MediaTypes.`text/csv` withCharset HttpCharsets.`UTF-`
// used for explicitly suppressing the rendering of Content-Type headers on requests and responses
val NoContentType = ContentType(MediaTypes.NoMediaType)
}
注意：ContentType只是一种备注，不影响线上数据表达形式，线上的数据永远是ByteString。但是，其中的application/octet-stream类型代表数据必须是Source[ByteString,Any]。我们下面就通过客户端的例子来理解HttpEntity。下面是一个客户端测试函数：
def runService(request: HttpRequest, rentity: RequestEntity) = {
val futResp = for {
entity <- Future.successful(rentity)
resp <- Http(sys).singleRequest(
request.copy(entity = rentity)
)
} yield resp
futResp
.andThen {
case Success(r@HttpResponse(StatusCodes.OK, _, entity, _)) =>
entity.dataBytes.map(_.utf8String).runForeach(println)
case Success(r@HttpResponse(code, _, _, _)) =>
println(s"Download request failed, response code: $code")
r.discardEntityBytes()
case Success(_) => println("Unable to download rows!")
case Failure(err) => println(s"Download failed: ${err.getMessage}")
}
}
我们只需要对这个函数传入RequestEntity就可以了解返回Response里Entity的许多细节了。首先我们要求服务端发送一个纯字符串Hello World。服务端代码如下：
} ~ path("text") {
get {
complete("Hello World!")
} ~
虽然complete("Hello World!")有些迷糊，不过应该complete做了些字符串到ByteString的转换。我们可以从上面这个runService函数得到证实。下面是这个例子的调用：
val reqText = HttpRequest(uri = s"http://localhost:8011/text")
runService(reqText,HttpEntity.Empty)
.andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()}
从显示的结果可以得出runService函数中的entity.dataBytes.map(_.utf8String)已经把ByteString转换成了String，也就是说服务器端发送的Entity里的数据是ByteString。
我们再试着发送一些数据給服务端，然后让服务端把结果通过response entity返回来：
} ~ path("text") {
get {
complete("Hello World!")
} ~
post {
withoutSizeLimit {
extractDataBytes { bytes =>
val data = bytes.runFold(ByteString())(_ ++ _)
onComplete(data) { t =>
complete(t)
}
}
}
}
我们看到服务端对request entity的操作是以ByteString进行的。客户端上传一串字符的request如下：
val postText = HttpRequest(HttpMethods.POST,uri = s"http://localhost:8011/text")
val uploadText = HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`text/plain(UTF-)`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
ByteString("hello world again")
)
runService(postText,uploadText)
.andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()}
我们可以看到放进entity里的数据是ByteString。
我们知道Akka-http是基于Akka-Stream的，具备Reactive-Stream功能特性。下面我们就示范一下如何进行stream的上传下载。首先定制一个Source：
val numbers = Source.fromIterator(() =>
Iterator.continually(Random.nextInt()))
.map(n => ByteString(s"$n\n"))
//make conform to withoutSizeLimit constrain
val source = limitableByteSource(numbers)
服务端也是用HttpEntity来装载这个Source然后通过HttpRequest传给客户端的：
path("random") {
get {
complete(
HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
source.take()
)
)
} ~
我们在客户端还是用runService来解析传过来的entity。由于接收一个大型的Source，所以需要修改一下接收方式代码：
futResp
.andThen {
case Success(r@HttpResponse(StatusCodes.OK, _, entity, _)) =>
val futEnt = entity.dataBytes.map(_.utf8String).runForeach(println)
Await.result(futEnt, Duration.Inf) // throws if binding fails
println("End of stream!!!")
case Success(r@HttpResponse(code, _, _, _)) =>
println(s"Download request failed, response code: $code")
r.discardEntityBytes()
case Success(_) => println("Unable to download rows!")
case Failure(err) => println(s"Download failed: ${err.getMessage}") }
用下面的方式调用：
val reqRandom = HttpRequest(uri = s"http://localhost:8011/random")
runService(reqRandom,HttpEntity.Empty)
.andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()}
再示范一下在客户端用Source上传数据。服务端代码：
post {
withoutSizeLimit {
extractDataBytes { bytes =>
val data = bytes.runFold(ByteString())(_ ++ _)
onComplete(data) { t =>
complete(t)
}
}
}
}
客户端上传数据范例：
val numbers = Source.fromIterator(() =>
Iterator.continually(Random.nextInt()))
.map(n => ByteString(s"$n\n"))
//make conform to withoutSizeLimit constrain
val source = limitableByteSource(numbers) val bytes = HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
source.take()
)
val postRandom = HttpRequest(HttpMethods.POST,uri = s"http://localhost:8011/random")
runService(postRandom,bytes)
.andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()}
从上面讨论我们了解了在Marshal,Unmarshal下层只是ByteString的操作和转换。下面是本次讨论示范源代码：
服务端：
import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.stream.scaladsl._
import akka.http.scaladsl.Http
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._
import akka.util.ByteString
import akka.http.scaladsl.model.HttpEntity._ import scala.util.Random object ServerEntity extends App { implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher val numbers = Source.fromIterator(() =>
Iterator.continually(Random.nextInt()))
.map(n => ByteString(s"$n\n"))
//make conform to withoutSizeLimit constrain
val source = limitableByteSource(numbers) val route =
path("random") {
get {
withoutSizeLimit {
complete(
HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
source.take())
)
}
} ~
post {
withoutSizeLimit {
extractDataBytes { bytes =>
val data = bytes.runFold(ByteString())(_ ++ _)
onComplete(data) { t =>
complete(t)
}
}
}
}
} ~ path("text") {
get {
complete("Hello World!")
} ~
post {
withoutSizeLimit {
extractDataBytes { bytes =>
val data = bytes.runFold(ByteString())(_ ++ _)
onComplete(data) { t =>
complete(t)
}
}
}
}
} val (port, host) = (,"localhost") val bindingFuture = Http().bindAndHandle(route,host,port) println(s"Server running at $host $port. Press any key to exit ...") scala.io.StdIn.readLine() bindingFuture.flatMap(_.unbind())
.onComplete(_ => httpSys.terminate()) }
客户端：
import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.stream.scaladsl._
import akka.http.scaladsl.Http
import akka.http.scaladsl.model.HttpEntity.limitableByteSource
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._ import scala.concurrent.duration._
import akka.util.ByteString import scala.concurrent._
import scala.util._ object ClientEntity extends App { implicit val sys = ActorSystem("ClientSys")
implicit val mat = ActorMaterializer()
implicit val ec = sys.dispatcher def runService(request: HttpRequest, rentity: RequestEntity) = {
val futResp = for {
entity <- Future.successful(rentity)
resp <- Http(sys).singleRequest(
request.copy(entity = rentity)
)
} yield resp futResp
.andThen {
case Success(r@HttpResponse(StatusCodes.OK, _, entity, _)) =>
val futEnt = entity.dataBytes.map(_.utf8String).runForeach(println)
Await.result(futEnt, Duration.Inf) // throws if binding fails
println("End of stream!!!")
case Success(r@HttpResponse(code, _, _, _)) =>
println(s"Download request failed, response code: $code")
r.discardEntityBytes()
case Success(_) => println("Unable to download rows!")
case Failure(err) => println(s"Download failed: ${err.getMessage}") }
} val reqText = HttpRequest(uri = s"http://localhost:8011/text")
// runService(reqText,HttpEntity.Empty)
// .andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()} val postText = HttpRequest(HttpMethods.POST,uri = s"http://localhost:8011/text")
val uploadText = HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`text/plain(UTF-)`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
ByteString("hello world again")
)
// runService(postText,uploadText)
// .andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()} val reqRandom = HttpRequest(uri = s"http://localhost:8011/random")
// runService(reqRandom,HttpEntity.Empty)
// .andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()} val numbers = Source.fromIterator(() =>
Iterator.continually(Random.nextInt()))
.map(n => ByteString(s"$n\n"))
//make conform to withoutSizeLimit constrain
val source = limitableByteSource(numbers) val bytes = HttpEntity(
ContentTypes.`application/octet-stream`,
// transform each number to a chunk of bytes
source.take()
)
val postRandom = HttpRequest(HttpMethods.POST,uri = s"http://localhost:8011/random")
runService(postRandom,bytes)
.andThen{case _ => sys.terminate()} }