Qt for Android
Qt for Android enables you to run Qt 5 applications Android devices. All Qt modules (essential and add-on) are supported except Qt WebEngine, Qt Serial Port, and the platform-specific ones (Qt Mac Extras, Qt Windows Extras, and Qt X11 Extras).
在Windows或者Linux平台上可以用QtWebEngine模块实现网页预览和打印成PDF文档，用起来很方便，生成的文档质量也比较好，但在Android平台上QtWebEngine模块不能用，想要显示网页可以用QtWebView模块，不支持打印成PDF。尝试用QTextDocument和QPrinter将html转为PDF，发现QTextDocument不支持CSS样式，生成的PDF文档排版是错的。
查看QtWebView在Android平台上的实现，可以发现其用的就是Android的WebView控件实现的网页显示。尝试在Android平台上实现html生成PDF，找到了这篇文章https://www.jianshu.com/p/d82bd61b11a4，验证后可行。需要依赖第三方库DexMaker，可以用谷歌实现的 implementation 'com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.2'，库文件名为dexmaker-1.2.jar。
修改QT源码，在Android平台上实现html转PDF的功能
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/jar/src/org/qtproject/qt5/android/view/QtAndroidWebViewController.java文件
/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2015 The Qt Company Ltd.
** Contact: http://www.qt.io/licensing/
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** This file is part of the QtWebView module of the Qt Toolkit.
**
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** information use the contact form at http://www.qt.io/contact-us.
**
** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage
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** General Public License version 3 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPLv3 included in the
** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 requirements
** will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html.
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** GNU General Public License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU
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** the packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
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** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/ package org.qtproject.qt5.android.view; import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.view.View;
import android.webkit.GeolocationPermissions;
import android.webkit.URLUtil;
import android.webkit.ValueCallback;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.CancellationSignal;
import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
import android.print.PageRange;
import android.print.PrintAttributes;
import android.print.PrintDocumentAdapter;
import android.webkit.WebView;
import android.webkit.WebViewClient;
import android.webkit.WebChromeClient; import java.lang.Runnable; import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri; import java.lang.String; import android.webkit.WebSettings;
import android.webkit.WebSettings.PluginState;
import android.graphics.Bitmap; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method; import android.os.Build; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import com.google.dexmaker.stock.ProxyBuilder; public class QtAndroidWebViewController
{
private final Activity m_activity;
private final long m_id;
private boolean busy;
private boolean m_hasLocationPermission;
private WebView m_webView = null;
private static final String TAG = "QtAndroidWebViewController";
private final int INIT_STATE = 0;
private final int STARTED_STATE = 1;
private final int LOADING_STATE = 2;
private final int FINISHED_STATE = 3; private volatile int m_loadingState = INIT_STATE;
private volatile int m_progress = 0;
private volatile int m_frameCount = 0; // API 11 methods
private Method m_webViewOnResume = null;
private Method m_webViewOnPause = null;
private Method m_webSettingsSetDisplayZoomControls = null; // API 19 methods
private Method m_webViewEvaluateJavascript = null; // Native callbacks
private native void c_onPageFinished(long id, String url);
private native void c_onPageStarted(long id, String url, Bitmap icon);
private native void c_onProgressChanged(long id, int newProgress);
private native void c_onReceivedIcon(long id, Bitmap icon);
private native void c_onReceivedTitle(long id, String title);
private native void c_onRunJavaScriptResult(long id, long callbackId, String result);
private native void c_onReceivedError(long id, int errorCode, String description, String url);
private native void c_onpdfPrintingFinished(long id, boolean succeed); // We need to block the UI thread in some cases, if it takes to long we should timeout before
// ANR kicks in... Usually the hard limit is set to 10s and if exceed that then we're in trouble.
// In general we should not let input events be delayed for more then 500ms (If we're spending more
// then 200ms somethings off...).
private final long BLOCKING_TIMEOUT = 250; private void resetLoadingState(final int state)
{
m_progress = 0;
m_frameCount = 0;
m_loadingState = state;
} private class Html2Pdf {
private File file;
private File dexCacheFile;
private PrintDocumentAdapter printAdapter;
private PageRange[] ranges;
private ParcelFileDescriptor descriptor; private void printToPdf(WebView webView, String fileName) {
if (webView != null) {
file = new File(fileName);
dexCacheFile = webView.getContext().getDir("dex", 0);
if (!dexCacheFile.exists()) {
dexCacheFile.mkdir();
}
try {
if (file.exists()) {
file.delete();
}
file.createNewFile();
descriptor = ParcelFileDescriptor.open(file, ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_READ_WRITE);
PrintAttributes attributes = new PrintAttributes.Builder()
.setMediaSize(PrintAttributes.MediaSize.ISO_A4)
.setResolution(new PrintAttributes.Resolution("id", Context.PRINT_SERVICE, 300, 300))
.setColorMode(PrintAttributes.COLOR_MODE_COLOR)
.setMinMargins(PrintAttributes.Margins.NO_MARGINS)
.build();
ranges = new PageRange[]{PageRange.ALL_PAGES}; printAdapter = webView.createPrintDocumentAdapter();
printAdapter.onStart();
printAdapter.onLayout(attributes, attributes, new CancellationSignal(), getLayoutResultCallback(new InvocationHandler() {
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
if (method.getName().equals("onLayoutFinished")) {
onLayoutSuccess();
} else {
descriptor.close();
c_onpdfPrintingFinished(m_id, false);
busy = false;
}
return null;
}
}, dexCacheFile.getAbsoluteFile()), new Bundle());
} catch (IOException e) {
if (descriptor != null) {
try {
descriptor.close();
} catch (IOException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
c_onpdfPrintingFinished(m_id, false);
e.printStackTrace();
busy = false;
}
}
} private void onLayoutSuccess() throws IOException {
PrintDocumentAdapter.WriteResultCallback callback = getWriteResultCallback(new InvocationHandler() {
@Override
public Object invoke(Object o, Method method, Object[] objects) throws Throwable {
if (method.getName().equals("onWriteFinished")) {
c_onpdfPrintingFinished(m_id, true);
} else {
c_onpdfPrintingFinished(m_id, false);
}
busy = false;
if (descriptor != null) {
try {
descriptor.close();
} catch (IOException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
return null;
}
}, dexCacheFile.getAbsoluteFile());
printAdapter.onWrite(ranges, descriptor, new CancellationSignal(), callback);
} @SuppressLint("NewApi")
private PrintDocumentAdapter.LayoutResultCallback getLayoutResultCallback(InvocationHandler invocationHandler, File dexCacheDir) throws IOException {
return ProxyBuilder.forClass(PrintDocumentAdapter.LayoutResultCallback.class)
.dexCache(dexCacheDir)
.handler(invocationHandler)
.build();
} @SuppressLint("NewApi")
private PrintDocumentAdapter.WriteResultCallback getWriteResultCallback(InvocationHandler invocationHandler, File dexCacheDir) throws IOException {
return ProxyBuilder.forClass(PrintDocumentAdapter.WriteResultCallback.class)
.dexCache(dexCacheDir)
.handler(invocationHandler)
.build();
}
} private class QtAndroidWebViewClient extends WebViewClient
{
QtAndroidWebViewClient() { super(); } @Override
public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, String url)
{
// handle http: and http:, etc., as usual
if (URLUtil.isValidUrl(url))
return false; // try to handle geo:, tel:, mailto: and other schemes
try {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(url));
view.getContext().startActivity(intent);
return true;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} return false;
} @Override
public void onLoadResource(WebView view, String url)
{
super.onLoadResource(view, url);
} @Override
public void onPageFinished(WebView view, String url)
{
super.onPageFinished(view, url);
m_loadingState = FINISHED_STATE;
if (m_progress != 100) // onProgressChanged() will notify Qt if we didn't finish here.
return; m_frameCount = 0;
c_onPageFinished(m_id, url);
} @Override
public void onPageStarted(WebView view, String url, Bitmap favicon)
{
super.onPageStarted(view, url, favicon);
if (++m_frameCount == 1) { // Only call onPageStarted for the first frame.
m_loadingState = LOADING_STATE;
c_onPageStarted(m_id, url, favicon);
}
} @Override
public void onReceivedError(WebView view,
int errorCode,
String description,
String url)
{
super.onReceivedError(view, errorCode, description, url);
resetLoadingState(INIT_STATE);
c_onReceivedError(m_id, errorCode, description, url);
}
} private class QtAndroidWebChromeClient extends WebChromeClient
{
QtAndroidWebChromeClient() { super(); }
@Override
public void onProgressChanged(WebView view, int newProgress)
{
super.onProgressChanged(view, newProgress);
m_progress = newProgress;
c_onProgressChanged(m_id, newProgress);
if (m_loadingState == FINISHED_STATE && m_progress == 100) { // Did we finish?
m_frameCount = 0;
c_onPageFinished(m_id, view.getUrl());
}
} @Override
public void onReceivedIcon(WebView view, Bitmap icon)
{
super.onReceivedIcon(view, icon);
c_onReceivedIcon(m_id, icon);
} @Override
public void onReceivedTitle(WebView view, String title)
{
super.onReceivedTitle(view, title);
c_onReceivedTitle(m_id, title);
} @Override
public void onGeolocationPermissionsShowPrompt(String origin, GeolocationPermissions.Callback callback)
{
callback.invoke(origin, m_hasLocationPermission, false);
}
} public QtAndroidWebViewController(final Activity activity, final long id)
{
m_activity = activity;
m_id = id;
final Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(0);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m_webView = new WebView(m_activity);
m_hasLocationPermission = hasLocationPermission(m_webView);
WebSettings webSettings = m_webView.getSettings(); if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > 10) {
try {
m_webViewOnResume = m_webView.getClass().getMethod("onResume");
m_webViewOnPause = m_webView.getClass().getMethod("onPause");
m_webSettingsSetDisplayZoomControls = webSettings.getClass().getMethod("setDisplayZoomControls", boolean.class);
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > 18) {
m_webViewEvaluateJavascript = m_webView.getClass().getMethod("evaluateJavascript",
String.class,
ValueCallback.class);
}
} catch (Exception e) { /* Do nothing */ e.printStackTrace(); }
} //allowing access to location without actual ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION may throw security exception
webSettings.setGeolocationEnabled(m_hasLocationPermission); webSettings.setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
if (m_webSettingsSetDisplayZoomControls != null) {
try { m_webSettingsSetDisplayZoomControls.invoke(webSettings, false); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
}
webSettings.setBuiltInZoomControls(true);
webSettings.setPluginState(PluginState.ON);
m_webView.setWebViewClient((WebViewClient)new QtAndroidWebViewClient());
m_webView.setWebChromeClient((WebChromeClient)new QtAndroidWebChromeClient());
sem.release();
}
}); try {
sem.acquire();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
} public void loadUrl(final String url)
{
if (url == null) {
return;
} resetLoadingState(STARTED_STATE);
c_onPageStarted(m_id, url, null);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.loadUrl(url); }
});
} public void loadData(final String data, final String mimeType, final String encoding)
{
if (data == null)
return; resetLoadingState(STARTED_STATE);
c_onPageStarted(m_id, null, null);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.loadData(data, mimeType, encoding); }
});
} public void loadDataWithBaseURL(final String baseUrl,
final String data,
final String mimeType,
final String encoding,
final String historyUrl)
{
if (data == null)
return; resetLoadingState(STARTED_STATE);
c_onPageStarted(m_id, null, null);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.loadDataWithBaseURL(baseUrl, data, mimeType, encoding, historyUrl); }
});
} public void goBack()
{
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.goBack(); }
});
} public boolean canGoBack()
{
final boolean[] back = {false};
final Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(0);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { back[0] = m_webView.canGoBack(); sem.release(); }
}); try {
sem.tryAcquire(BLOCKING_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} return back[0];
} public void goForward()
{
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.goForward(); }
});
} public boolean canGoForward()
{
final boolean[] forward = {false};
final Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(0);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { forward[0] = m_webView.canGoForward(); sem.release(); }
}); try {
sem.tryAcquire(BLOCKING_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} return forward[0];
} public void stopLoading()
{
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.stopLoading(); }
});
} public void reload()
{
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { m_webView.reload(); }
});
} public String getTitle()
{
final String[] title = {""};
final Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(0);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { title[0] = m_webView.getTitle(); sem.release(); }
}); try {
sem.tryAcquire(BLOCKING_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} return title[0];
} public int getProgress()
{
return m_progress;
} public boolean isLoading()
{
return m_loadingState == LOADING_STATE || m_loadingState == STARTED_STATE || (m_progress > 0 && m_progress < 100);
} public void runJavaScript(final String script, final long callbackId)
{
if (script == null)
return; if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 19 || m_webViewEvaluateJavascript == null)
return; m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
m_webViewEvaluateJavascript.invoke(m_webView, script, callbackId == -1 ? null :
new ValueCallback<String>() {
@Override
public void onReceiveValue(String result) {
c_onRunJavaScriptResult(m_id, callbackId, result);
}
});
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
} public String getUrl()
{
final String[] url = {""};
final Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(0);
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { url[0] = m_webView.getUrl(); sem.release(); }
}); try {
sem.tryAcquire(BLOCKING_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} return url[0];
} public WebView getWebView()
{
return m_webView;
} public void onPause()
{
if (m_webViewOnPause == null)
return; m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { try { m_webViewOnPause.invoke(m_webView); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
});
} public void onResume()
{
if (m_webViewOnResume == null)
return; m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() { try { m_webViewOnResume.invoke(m_webView); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
});
} private static boolean hasLocationPermission(View view)
{
final String name = view.getContext().getPackageName();
final PackageManager pm = view.getContext().getPackageManager();
return pm.checkPermission("android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION", name) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
} public void destroy()
{
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m_webView.destroy();
}
});
} public void printToPdf(final String fileName){
if(!busy){
busy = true;
m_activity.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Html2Pdf html2Pdf = new Html2Pdf();
html2Pdf.printToPdf(m_webView, fileName);
}
});
}else{
c_onpdfPrintingFinished(m_id,false);
}
} }
- 主要修改：
- 增加了 void printToPdf(final String fileName)打印接口
- 增加了 native void c_onpdfPrintingFinished(long id, boolean succeed)作为打印完成的回调
- 增加了内部类Html2Pdf实现打印成PDF
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/plugins/android/qandroidwebview_p.h
- 增加槽函数 void printToPdf(const QString &fileName) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/plugins/android/qandroidwebview.cpp
- 实现槽函数
void QAndroidWebViewPrivate::printToPdf(const QString &fileName)
{
const QJNIObjectPrivate &fileNameString = QJNIObjectPrivate::fromString(fileName);
m_viewController.callMethod<void>("printToPdf","(Ljava/lang/String;)V",fileNameString.object());
} - 实现java代码中打印完成的回调
static void c_onpdfPrintingFinished(JNIEnv *env,
jobject thiz,
jlong id,
jboolean succeed)
{
Q_UNUSED(env)
Q_UNUSED(thiz)
const WebViews &wv = (*g_webViews);
QAndroidWebViewPrivate *wc = wv[id];
if (!wc)
return;
Q_EMIT wc->pdfPrintingFinished(succeed);
} - 修改JNIEXPORT jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* /*reserved*/)，注册c_onpdfPrintingFinished回调函数。
JNINativeMethod methods[]数组里增加一项
{"c_onpdfPrintingFinished","(JZ)V",reinterpret_cast<void *>(c_onpdfPrintingFinished)}
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qabstractwebview_p.h（以下增加的所有的C++代码、函数、信号等都用#if ANDROID宏条件编译）
- 增加信号void pdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed);
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qquickwebview_p.h
- 增加公开槽函数 void printToPdf(const QString &fileName) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
- 增加信号 void pdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed);
- 增加私有槽函数 void onPdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed);
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qquickwebview.cpp
- 构造函数里关联槽函数和信号
#if ANDROID
connect(m_webView, &QWebView::pdfPrintingFinished, this, &QQuickWebView::onPdfPrintingFinished);
#endif - 实现槽函数printToPdf
#if ANDROID
void QQuickWebView::printToPdf(const QString &fileName)
{
m_webView->printToPdf(fileName);
}
#endif - 实现槽函数onPdfPrintingFinished
#if ANDROID
void QQuickWebView::onPdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed)
{
Q_EMIT pdfPrintingFinished(succeed);
}
#endif
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qwebviewinterface_p.h
- 增加纯虚函数 virtual void printToPdf(const QString &fileName) = 0;
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qwebviewfactory.cpp
- QNullWebView类增加
void printToPdf(const QString &fileName) override
{Q_UNUSED(fileName); }
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qwebview_p.h
- 增加公开槽函数 void printToPdf(const QString &fileName) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
- 增加信号 void pdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed);
- 增加私有槽函数 void onPdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed);
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/qwebview.cpp
- 构造函数里关联槽函数和信号
#if ANDROID
connect(d, &QAbstractWebView::pdfPrintingFinished, this, &QWebView::onPdfPrintingFinished);
#endif - 实现槽函数printToPdf
#if ANDROID
void QWebView::printToPdf(const QString &fileName)
{
d->printToPdf(fileName);
}
#endif - 实现槽函数onPdfPrintingFinished
#if ANDROID
void QWebView::onPdfPrintingFinished(bool succeed)
{
Q_EMIT pdfPrintingFinished(succeed);
}
#endif
- 在$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/jar目录下新建lib目录，将dexmaker-1.2.jar文件拷贝到该目录下
- 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/jar/jar.pro
TARGET = QtAndroidWebView load(qt_build_paths)
CONFIG += java
DESTDIR = $$MODULE_BASE_OUTDIR/jar JAVACLASSPATH += $$PWD/src \
$$PWD/lib/dexmaker-1.2.jar JAVASOURCES += $$PWD/src/org/qtproject/qt5/android/view/QtAndroidWebViewController.java # install
thridpartyjar.files = \
$$PWD/lib/dexmaker-1.2.jar
thridpartyjar.path = $$[QT_INSTALL_PREFIX]/jar target.path = $$[QT_INSTALL_PREFIX]/jar
INSTALLS += target thridpartyjar - 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/webview/webview.pro
…… QMAKE_DOCS = \
$$PWD/doc/qtwebview.qdocconf ANDROID_BUNDLED_JAR_DEPENDENCIES = \
jar/QtAndroidWebView.jar \
jar/dexmaker-1.2.jar
ANDROID_PERMISSIONS = \
android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION
ANDROID_LIB_DEPENDENCIES = \
plugins/webview/libqtwebview_android.so HEADERS += $$PUBLIC_HEADERS $$PRIVATE_HEADERS load(qt_module) - 修改$QtSrc/qtwebview/src/imports/plugins.qmltypes
- 增加信号
Signal {
name: "pdfPrintingFinished"
revision: 1
Parameter { name: "succeed"; type: "bool" }
} - 增加方法
Method {
name: "printToPdf"
revision: 1
Parameter { name: "fileName"; type: "string" }
}
配置和编译
-
./configure -extprefix $QTInstall/android_arm64_v8a -xplatform android-clang -release -nomake tests -nomake examples -opensource -confirm-license -recheck-all -android-ndk $NDKPATH -android-sdk $AndroidSDKPATH -android-ndk-host linux-x86_64 -android-arch arm64-v8a
-android-arch支持armeabi, armeabi-v7a, arm64-v8a, x86, x86_64，一次只能编译一个架构，注意不同架构要修改安装目录
- make -j8
- make install
- 上述软件版本
- QT：5.13.2
- NDK：r20b(20.1.5948944)
- Android-buildToolsVersion：29.0.2
- 使用示例
import QtQuick 2.12
import QtQuick.Window 2.12
import QtWebView 1.1
import QtQuick.Controls 2.12 Window {
id: window
visible: true
width: 1080
height: 1920
title: qsTr("Hello World")
WebView{
id:webView
anchors.bottom: printBtn.top
anchors.right: parent.right
anchors.left: parent.left
anchors.top: parent.top
anchors.bottomMargin: 0
url:"http://www.qq.com"
onPdfPrintingFinished: {
printBtn.text = "打印" + (succeed?"成功":"失败")
printBtn.enabled = true
}
} Button {
id:printBtn
text: "打印"
anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
anchors.bottomMargin: 0
onClicked: {
printBtn.enabled = false
webView.printToPdf("/sdcard/aaa.pdf")
}
}
}
全部修改见https://github.com/ALittleDruid/qtwebview/commit/722a4757dd0acf86846194607a433cd724e9b028
下期预告：在Android平台上实现串口读写的功能