import Foundation
//***********************************************************************************************
//1.Hello world
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//输出 "Hello, world"
println("Hello, world") //使用 println
函数来输出字符串
//***********************************************************************************************
//2.Simple Values（简单值）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用 let
命名常量，使用 var 命名变量
myVariable
println("The constant is\(myConstant),the variable is\(myVariable)")
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//声明数据类型
let explicitDouble:Double =
println("The Double type number is\(explicitDouble)")
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//类型转化
let label =
"The width is "
let widthLabel =
label + String(width) //不同类型数据进行基本运算的时候须要进行类型转化
println(widthLabel)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//简单的字符串引用数据
let appleSummary ="I have
\(apples) apples"
println(appleSummary)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//数组创建和使用
var shoppingList = ["water","bread",
"milk","paper",
"pen"]
]) //获取数组中的第三个元素
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//字典的创建和使用
var occupations = ["Malcolm":"Captain",
"Kaylee":"Mechanic"]
occupations["Jayne"] ="Public relations" //给字典加入或者改动一个元素。系统检索字典
occupations是否包括 key
值 Jayne，假设有进行 key
相应的 value 值的改动，假设没有，进行新的 key和 value
的加入
println(occupations)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//创建空的数组和字典
let emptyArray = [String]() //创建空的数组
let emptyDictionary =Dictionary<String,Float>()
//创建空的字典
//***********************************************************************************************
//3.Control Flow（控制流）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//简单的控制语句
,,
, , ]
for score inindividualScores{
if score >
{ //if
语句之后必须为返回一个 Bool类型的数据
teamScore +=
}
else{
teamScore +=
}
}
println("The teamscore is\(teamScore)")
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//可选类型数据
var optionalString:String?
=
"Hello"
optionalString ==
nil //设置 optionalString数据为可选类型数据，可选类型是指 optionalString有详细的值或者为空两种情况
var optionalName:String? =
"Joho Appleseed"
var greeting ="Hello"
if let name =optionalName{ //使用
if let 来推断可选类型数据是否有详细的值
greeting =
"Hello,\(name)"
}
println(greeting)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//switch 语句
let vegetable ="red pepper"
var vegetableComment:String
switch vegetable{ //使用 switch
语句。每一条 case
代表一条推断。符合条件则运行语句
case"celery":
vegetableComment ="Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case"cucumber","watercress":
vegetableComment ="That would make a good tea sandwich."
caselet x
where x.hasSuffix("pepper"): //使用
"x.hasSuffix("***")"函数来推断 x
变量末尾是否为 ***
vegetableComment ="Is it a spicy
\(x)?
"
default:
vegetableComment ="Everything tastes good in soup."
}
println(vegetableComment)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用 for in
,,
, , , ],,,
, , , ],,,
, , ],]
for (kind, numbers)in
interestingNumbers{
for number
in numbers{
if number >
largest{
largest = number
}
}
}
println("The largest number is\(largest)")
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用 while
／do while 语句
whilen <
{
n =
}
println("the n is\(n)")
do{
m =
}while
println("the m is\(m)")
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//范围运算符
for iin
..<{ //使用 "..<"表示前闭后开范围
firstForLoop += i
}
println("firstForLoop is\(firstForLoop)")
forvar i =
; i <; ++i{
//使用一般方法进行运算
secondForLoop += i
}
println("secondForLoop is\(secondForLoop)")
for iin
...{ //使用 "..."表示前闭后闭范围
thirdForLoop += i
}
println("thirdForLoop is\(thirdForLoop)")
//***********************************************************************************************
//4.Function and Closures（函数和闭包）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//函数的创建和使用
func greet(name:
String, day:
String) ->
String{
//使用 "func
函数名(參数) ->
返回值类型{ return *** }" 来创建一个函数
return"Hello
\(name), today is
\(day)"
}
println(greet("Bob","Tusday"))
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//无參数的函数
func getGasPrices() -> (Double,Double,
Double){ //函数參数为空
return (3.59,3.69,
3.79)
}
println(getGasPrices())
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//不确定參数的函数
func sumOf(numbers:Int...) ->
Int{ //当函数參数不确定数量的时候，使用 "..."就可以
var sum =
for number
in numbers{
sum += number
}
return sum
}
println))
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//函数嵌套
func returnFifteen() ->Int{
var y =
func add(){
y +=
}
add()
return y
}
println(returnFifteen())
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//函数作为返回值
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int ->Int){
//定义返回值为函数类型的函数 makeIncrementer
func addOne(number:
Int) -> Int{
return
+ number
}
return
addOne
}
var increment =makeIncrementer()
))
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//函数做參数
func hasAnyMatches(list: [Int], condition:Int ->Bool)
-> Bool{ //设置參数为整型数组和函数类型的函数 hasAnyMatches
for item
in list{
if condition(item){
return
true
}
}
return
false
}
func lessThanTen(number:Int) ->
Bool{ //定义函数符合 hasAnyMatches的參数类型
return number <
}
,,
, ]
println(hasAnyMatches(numbers,lessThanTen))
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//闭包
,,
, , ]
let number =numberArray.map({
//Swift 中的 Array中有一个 map
方法。其获取的一个闭包表达式作为其唯一參数，数组中的每个元素调用次该闭包函数。并返回该元素所映射的值，详细的映射方式和返回值类型由闭包来指定
(number:Int) -> Int
in
let result =
* number
return result
})
println(number)
//***********************************************************************************************
//5.Objects and Classes（对象和类）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//类的创建
class Shape{ //使用 class声明一个类，类中的属性声明和声明常量变量一样。方法和函数声明是同样的方式
var numberOfSides =
func simpleDescription() ->
String{
return"A shape with
\(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用类
var shape =
Shape()
//实例化一个类。注意类名首字母大写
shape
//设置类的属性
var shapeDescription =shape.simpleDescription() //訪问类的方法
println(shapeDescription)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用 init
创建一个类的初始化器
class NamedShape{
var numberOfSides:
var name:
String
init(name:
String){
self.name = name //self
用来区分属性和參数，在初始化这个类时，每一个初始值必须设置
}
func simpleDescription() ->
String{
return"\(name) find A shape with\(numberOfSides)
sides."
}
}
var name =
NamedShape(name:
"Listo")
//实例化而且初始化类 NameShape
name
var nameDescription =name.simpleDescription()
println(nameDescription)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//继承和覆写
class Square:NamedShape{
var sideLength:
Double
init(sideLength:
Double, name:String){
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
}
func area() ->
Double{
returnsideLength *
sideLength
}
override
func simpleDescription() ->String {
//使用 override来覆写父类中的方法
return"A square with sides of length
\(sideLength)"
}
}
let test =Square(sideLength:
5.2, name: "my test square")
println(test.area())
println(test.simpleDescription())
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//除了简单的存储属性。属性能够有一个 getter和 setter
class EquilateralTriangle:NamedShape{
var sideLength:
Double =0.0
init(sideLength:
Double, name:String){
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
}
var perimeter:
Double{
get{
return
3.0 *sideLength
//get 为获取这个属性的值
}
set{
sideLength = newValue /
3.0 //newValue
代表 set给这个属性的新的值
}
}
override
func simpleDescription() ->String {
return"An equilateral triangle with side of length
\(sideLength)"
}
}
var triangle =EquilateralTriangle(sideLength:
3.1, name: "a triangle")
println(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter =9.9
println(triangle.sideLength)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//类中的方法和函数的差别
class Counter{
var count:
func incrementBy(amount:
Int, numberOfTimes times:
Int){
count += amount * times
}
}
var counter =Counter()
counter.incrementBy(2,
numberOfTimes: 7) //类中的方法须要在调用的时候写出參数的形參名（第一个參数名不能够写），函数在调用的时候除了外部參数存在的情况，否则不能參数的形參名
//***********************************************************************************************
//6.Enumeration and Structures（枚举和结构体）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//枚举的创建
enum Rank:
Int{
//使用 enum
创建一个枚举，注意枚举名用大写
//指定第一个原始值为 1，后面的数据一次递增分配
case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
case Jack, Queen, King
func simpleDescription() ->
String{
switchself{ //这里的
self 就是一个枚举类型的值（enum value）
case .Ace:
return
"ace"
case .Jack:
return
"jack"
case .Queen:
return
"queen"
case .King:
return
"king"
default:
returnString(self.toRaw())
//使用 toRaw
和 fromRaw 来实现原始值和枚举值的转换
}
}
}
let ace =Rank.Ace
println(ace.simpleDescription())
let aceRawValue =ace.toRaw()
println(aceRawValue)
iflet convertedRank =
){
let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
println(threeDescription)
}
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//枚举成员是实际的值，不是其原始值的第二种表达方式
enum Suit{
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
func simpleDescription() ->
String{
switch
self{
case .Spades:
return
"spades"
case .Hearts:
return
"hearts"
case .Diamonds:
return
"diamonds"
case .Clubs:
return
"clubs"
}
}
}
let hearts =Suit.Hearts
let heartDescription =hearts.simpleDescription()
println(heartDescription)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//结构体的创建（结构体和类之间最重要的一个差别是，结构体通过复制传递。类通过引用传递）
struct Card{ //创建结构体，结构体名大写
var rank:
Rank
var suit:
Suit
func simpleDescription() ->
String{
return"The
\(rank.simpleDescription()) of\(suit.simpleDescription())"
}
}
let threeOfSpades =Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription =threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
println(threeOfSpadesDescription)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//枚举的应用
enum ServerResponse{
case Result(String, String)
case Error(String)
}
let success =
ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am","8:09 pm")
let failure =
ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese")
var serverResonse:String
switch success{
caselet .Result(sunrise, sunset):
serverResonse ="Sunrise is at
\(sunrise) and sunset is at\(sunset)"
caselet .Error(error):
serverResonse =
"Failure...\(error)"
}
println(serverResonse)
//***********************************************************************************************
//7.Protocols and Extensions（协议和扩展）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//协议的创建
protocol ExamplePortocol{ //使用 protocol
创建协议，协议名要大写
var simpleDescription:
String { get}
mutating
func adjust()
}
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//类，枚举，结构体都能够写协议
class SimpleClass:ExamplePortocol{
//类遵守协议。必须实现协议中的方法
var simpleDescription:
String = "A very simple class."
var anotherProperty:
func adjust(){
//在类中书写协议方法是不须要加上 mutating，由于一个类的方法能够改动类
simpleDescription +=" Now 100% adjusted."
}
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription =a.simpleDescription
println(aDescription)
struct SimpleStructure:ExamplePortocol{
//结构体遵守协议。必须实现协议中的方法
var simpleDescription:
String = "A simple structure"
mutating
func adjust() { //在结构体中书写协议方法时要记得加上 mutating
simpleDescription +=" (adjusted)"
}
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
println(b.simpleDescription)
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用 extension将扩展功能加入到现有的类型中
extensionInt:
ExamplePortocol{ //为协议加入功能
var simpleDescription:
String{
return"The number
\(self)"
}
mutating
func adjust(){
self +=
}
}
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//使用协议作为数据类型
let protocolValue:ExamplePortocol =
a
println(protocolValue.simpleDescription)
//***********************************************************************************************
//8.Generics(通用数据类型）
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//尖括号内写一个名字做一个通用的函数或类型
func repeat<ItemType>(item:ItemType, times:
Int) -> [ItemType] { //做通用的类型
var result = [ItemType]()
for i
..<times{
result += item
}
return result
}
println))
//_______________________________________________________________________________________________
//你能够通用形式的函数和方法,以及类、枚举、结构
enum OptionalValue<T>{
case None
case some(T)
}
var possibleInteger:OptionalValue<Int> = .None
possibleInteger)
println(possibleInteger)