《Python》 文件操作

时间:2023-03-09 17:25:35
《Python》 文件操作

一、文件操作基本流程:

   1、文件基本操作初识:

    打开文件:

    文件句柄 = open(‘文件路径’,‘编码方式’,‘打开方式’)

 第一种:f = open('d:\'a.txt',encoding='utf-8',mode='r')  #默认打开模式是r,可以不写

    文件操作:

    data = f.read() #读     

    data = f.write()  #写

    文件关闭:

    f.close  #回收操作系统级打开的文件   

第二种:with open('a.txt','r') as read_f,open('b.txt','w') as write_f:
    data=read_f.read()
    write_f.write(data)

    文件路径:

      绝对路径:从根目录到文件所在位置。(可以在前面加r或者\用2个\\)

      相对路径:当前文件的目录。

    编码方式:

      utf-8:

      gbk:

    默认打开方式:

      读:

        r:只读模式【默认模式,文件必须存在,不存在则抛出异常】

        r+:读写【可读,可写】

        rb:只读模式【非文本文件,只能用b模式,图片、视频、文本也可用】

        r+b:读写【可读,可写】

      写:

        w:只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则清空内容】

        w+:写读【可写,可读】

        wb:只写模式【非文本文件,只能用b模式,图片、视频、文本也可用】

        w+b:写读【可写,可读】

      追加:

        a:只追加写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容】

        a+:写读【可写,可读】

        ab:只追加写模式【非文本文件,只能用b模式,图片、视频、文本也可用】

        a+b:写读【可写,可读】

  2、常见操作方法:

    read(3):

      1. 文件打开方式为文本模式时,代表读取3个字符

      2. 文件打开方式为b模式时,代表读取3个字节

     其余的文件内光标移动都是以字节为单位的如:seek,tell,truncate

    注意:

      1. seek有三种移动方式0,1,2,其中1和2必须在b模式下进行,但无论哪种模式,都是以bytes为单位移动的

      2. truncate是截断文件,所以文件的打开方式必须可写,但是不能用w或w+等方式打开,因为那样直接清空文件了,所以truncate要在r+或a或a+等模式下测试效果。

  3、所有操作方法:

class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):
"""
Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer. encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False). errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
defaults to "strict". newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
'\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as follows: * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated. * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
to the given string. If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
write contains a newline character.
"""
def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
关闭文件
pass def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
文件描述符
pass def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
刷新文件内部缓冲区
pass def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
判断文件是否是同意tty设备
pass def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
读取指定字节数据
pass def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
是否可读
pass def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
仅读取一行数据
pass def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
指定文件中指针位置
pass def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
指针是否可操作
pass def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
获取指针位置
pass def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
pass def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
是否可写
pass def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
写内容
pass def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement next(self). """
pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 3.x 3.x

  4、文件的修改:    

    文件的数据是存放于硬盘上的,因而只存在覆盖、不存在修改这么一说,我们平时看到的修改文件,都是模拟出来的效果,具体的说有两种实现方式:

    方式一:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容全部加载到内存,在内存中是可以修改的,修改完毕后,再由内存覆盖到硬盘(word,vim,nodpad++等编辑器)

import os  # 调用系统模块

with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
data=read_f.read() #全部读入内存,如果文件很大,会很卡
data=data.replace('alex','SB') #在内存中完成修改 write_f.write(data) #一次性写入新文件 os.remove('a.txt') #删除原文件
os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt') #将新建的文件重命名为原文件 方法一

    方式二:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容一行一行地读入内存,修改完毕就写入新文件,最后用新文件覆盖源文件

import os

with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
for line in read_f:
line=line.replace('alex','SB')
write_f.write(line) os.remove('a.txt')
os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt') 方法二